Table 4.
Bivariate Relationship between Behavioral Problems and Individual, Family, and Village Variables
| Internalizing Problems | Externalizing Problems | Teacher-Reported Behavior Problems | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Statistics below are means | ||||
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 37.90 | 37.74 | 15.90 | |
| Female | 37.69 | 37.12 | 15.47 | |
| Difference (Male - Female) | 0.21 | 0.62 | 0.43*** | |
| Father’s Education | ||||
| None | 38.32 | 38.12 | 15.73 | |
| Primary School | 38.73 | 38.61 | 15.62 | |
| Middle School | 37.35 | 36.92 | 15.84 | |
| High School or Above | 36.64 | 35.97 | 15.51 | |
| (Significance Level. Blank is insignificant.) | (***) | (***) | ( ) | |
| Statistics below are correlation coefficients | ||||
| Early Academic Skills | −0.25*** | −0.30*** | −0.08*** | |
| Family Income Per Capita | −0.06** | −0.05* | 0.04 | |
| Village | ||||
| Number of Enterprises | −0.02 | −0.04 | 0.01 | |
| Labor Force Primary School Completion Rate | −0.04 | −0.08*** | −0.02 | |
| Isolation Index | −0.11*** | −0.11*** | 0.04 | |
Note:
*
<0.05
**
<0.01
***
<0.001
Unit for family income per capita is 1,000 yuan.
The test for gender difference is two-sample t test of difference in means; the relationship between each behavioral problems and father’s education uses the multivariate analysis of variance, which tests the null hypothesis that the mean of each behavioral problems is the same across all four categories of father’s education; all others are correlation coefficients.