Table 6.
Multilevel Models of Predicting Education Attainment by Behavioral Problems and Cumulative Adversity Index (CAI)
| Compulsory Completion (Odds Ratio) | Secondary Completion (Odds Ratio) | Tertiary Completion (Odds Ratio) | Years of Education | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | |
| 0.98 (0.01) | 0.99 (0.01) | 0.98* (0.01) | −0.03** (0.01) | |||||||||
| Externalizing Problems | 0.98* (0.01) | 0.99* (0.01) | 0.98** (0.01) | −0.04*** (0.01) | ||||||||
| Teacher-Reported Behavior Problems | 0.92* (0.04) | 1.01 (0.03) | 0.97 (0.04) | −0.07+ (0.04) | ||||||||
| High CAI | 0.54* (0.14) | 0.55* (0.14) | 0.59* (0.15) | 0.71 (0.16) | 0.72 (0.17) | 0.70 (0.16) | 0.48* (0.17) | 0.45* (0.16) | 0.50* (0.17) | −1.02** (0.32) | −0.98** (0.31) | −0.92** (0.31) |
| Birth Year | 1.51*** (0.14) | 1.52*** (0.14) | 1.46*** (0.13) | 1.11 (0.08) | 1.12 (0.08) | 1.11 (0.07) | 1.07 (0.08) | 1.09 (0.08) | 1.05 (0.07) | 0.40*** (0.09) | 0.41*** (0.09) | 0.37*** (0.08) |
| Male | 1.34 (0.24) | 1.38 (0.25) | 1.33 (0.26) | 1.22 (0.16) | 1.24 (0.17) | 1.25 (0.17) | 0.87 (0.14) | 0.91 (0.15) | 0.87 (0.14) | 0.27 (0.19) | 0.32 (0.18) | 0.29 (0.19) |
| Number of Siblings | 1.16 (0.14) | 1.17 (0.15) | 1.11 (0.15) | 0.87 (0.08) | 0.87 (0.08) | 0.87 (0.08) | 1.07 (0.11) | 1.09 (0.12) | 1.03 (0.10) | 0.03 (0.11) | 0.03 (0.11) | −0.04 (0.11) |
| Early Academic Skills | 1.06*** (0.01) | 1.05*** (0.01) | 1.06*** (0.01) | 1.03** (0.01) | 1.03* (0.01) | 1.03** (0.01) | 1.04*** (0.01) | 1.04*** (0.01) | 1.04*** (0.01) | 0.10*** (0.01) | 0.09*** (0.01) | 0.10*** (0.01) |
| Father’s Education | ||||||||||||
| None | 0.54** (0.11) | 0.53** (0.11) | 0.53** (0.11) | 0.43*** (0.08) | 0.44*** (0.08) | 0.44*** (0.08) | 0.54** (0.11) | 0.53** (0.11) | 0.57** (0.12) | −1.31*** (0.25) | −1.31*** (0.25) | −1.29*** (0.25) |
| Primary School | 0.95 (0.20) | 0.92 (0.19) | 0.89 (0.19) | 0.72+ (0.12) | 0.75 (0.13) | 0.74 (0.13) | 0.98 (0.17) | 1.00 (0.18) | 0.96 (0.17) | −0.23 (0.20) | −0.22 (0.20) | −0.28 (0.20) |
| High School or Above | 1.91* (0.54) | 2.00* (0.58) | 1.90* (0.56) | 1.68** (0.32) | 1.67** (0.31) | 1.69** (0.31) | 1.26 (0.24) | 1.23 (0.24) | 1.26 (0.24) | 0.96*** (0.24) | 0.95*** (0.24) | 0.94*** (0.24) |
| Number of Enterprises | 0.99 (0.02) | 1.00 (0.02) | 1.00 (0.02) | 1.01 (0.02) | 1.01 (0.02) | 1.01 (0.02) | 0.97 (0.02) | 0.97 (0.02) | 0.97 (0.02) | −0.01 (0.03) | −0.00 (0.03) | −0.01 (0.03) |
| Labor Force Primary-School Completion Rate | 0.93 (0.51) | 0.88 (0.51) | 1.04 (0.62) | 0.63 (0.26) | 0.59 (0.25) | 0.62 (0.25) | 0.56 (0.25) | 0.53 (0.25) | 0.56 (0.26) | −0.68 (0.55) | −0.81 (0.57) | −0.59 (0.57) |
| Isolation Index | 1.18* (0.09) | 1.19* (0.09) | 1.21* (0.09) | 1.04 (0.05) | 1.05 (0.06) | 1.05 (0.05) | 0.97 (0.06) | 0.97 (0.06) | 0.97 (0.06) | 0.12 (0.08) | 0.13 (0.08) | 0.14 (0.08) |
| Observations | 1582 | 1584 | 1583 | 1370 | 1373 | 1375 | 921 | 923 | 923 | 1582 | 1584 | 1583 |
Note: Robust standard errors in parentheses.
Reference category for father’s education is middle school. Unit for family income per capita is 1,000 yuan.
+
<0.1
*
<0.05
**
<0.01
***
<0.001