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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Sep 18.
Published in final edited form as: J Clean Prod. 2015 Dec 17;176:1316–1322. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.12.009

Figure 4.

Figure 4.

The volume of the solid material is approximately 179.07 cm3 while the volume of the bounding cylindrical envelope is approximately 549.8 cm3. Therefore, the “solid-to-envelope ratio”, α, is calculated as: 179.07 cm3/549.8 cm3 = 0.326