FIG 3.

(A) The discoverers of aniline dyes and methylene blue therapy of malaria: on the left, audacious teenager William Henry Perkin (a self-portrait in 1852, aged just 14 years, 4 years before he discovers mauvine in coal tars), and on the right, physician-scientist Paul Ehrlich (in Berlin, 1910; by Alfred Krauth, courtesy of the Wellcome Collection), who cured acute vivax malaria in two patients in 1891. (B) Werner Schulemann (top left, in 1924) and his colleagues August Wingler (top right, in 1934) and Fritz Schoenhoefer (bottom left, in 1939) at Bayer’s Elberfeld facility synthesized plasmochin in 1925. (Bottom right) The Bayer company logo in ca. 1925. Photos courtesy of Bayer AG, Corporate History & Archives, with permission. (C) (Top) Wilhelm Roehl and an unidentified colleague at the Bayer Elberfeld laboratory dosing Javanese rice finches infected by Plasmodium relictum with experimental antimalarial compounds in 1926. Roehl identified plasmochin to be 60 times more effective than quinine against that asexual blood-stage infection. (Bottom left) Portrait of Wilhelm Roehl in the same year. These photos courtesy of Bayer AG, Corporate History & Archives, with permission. (Bottom right) John A. Sinton (in ca. 1938), the prodigious British military malariologist who defined radical cure of Plasmodium vivax in British soldiers in India with optimized therapy with plasmochin combined with quinine and, later, atabrine (photo courtesy of the Wellcome Collection, London, United Kingdom, with permission).