Fig. 1.

The noncoding regulatory genome, causal SNPs and chromatin state. (A) Pharmacogenomic SNPs associated with drug response or adverse drug events from GWAS are predominately located within enhancers (81%), and only 4% are called as exonic missense variants that could putatively disrupt protein structure or protein-protein interactions. (B) Illustration of genomic DNA, which is packaged within chromatin, and the different attributes of causal SNPs from GWAS that act on the epigenome. (C) Histone modifications significantly associated with enhancers, promoters, euchromatin, and heterochromatin the human genome.