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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Sep 18.
Published in final edited form as: J Vis. 2011 Jun 16;11(7):6. doi: 10.1167/11.5.6

Table 1:

Cues that Provide Signals as to the Sign of Defocus (adapted from (Wolfe J.M., Kluender, Levi, Bartoshuk, Herz, Klatzky, & Lederman, 2006).

Binocular cues

  • Retinal disparity

Monocular cues

  • Texture gradients

  • Perspective

  • Relative size

  • Familiarity

  • Occlusion

  • Relative Height

  • Chromatic aberration

  • Monochromatic aberrations

  • Motion Parallax*

  • Microfluctuations*

  • Looming*
*

indicates signals that are not instantaneous but that are derived over time