Table 1.

Summary of key themes and supporting axial codes

Key themes	Supporting codes
Defining health at the individual, familial, and community levels	Linking individual health with family health Linking family health with community health Balancing physical, emotional, mental, and spiritual health
Substance abuse as a symptom of community trauma	Defining poor community health Linking history of colonialism and assimilation with poor community health Linking loss of identity to substance abuse Linking everyday racism to substance abuse
A community orientation toward healing	Grounding support programs in Native spirituality and culture Developing communitywide education programs on substance abuse causes and prevention Reducing community stigma Placing family at center of recovery