Table 1.

Selected baseline characteristics of TJR patients, by procedure types

Covariates	THR	TKR
N	155,516	318,265
Percentage or mean (±standard deviation)
Demographics
Age, years	75.2 (±6.6)	73.9 (±5.8)
Female	66.5	67.8
Race
White	93.6	90.4
Black	4.1	4.9
Othersa	10.5	4.7
Region
MidWest	28.3	28.5
NorthEast	18.8	15.6
South	34.2	38.0
West	18.6	17.7
Index Year
2010	0.20	0.20
2011	20.7	21.8
2012	22.7	23.1
2013	25.6	25.7
2014	30.8	29.2
Opioids use
Any use of opioids	64.3	58.2
Continuous opioids use	8.0	7.2
Any use of long-acting opioids	5.4	3.4
Any use of short-acting opioids	63.9	57.8
Pain-related conditions
Falls	10.3	5.7
Migraine	8.4	9.4
Neuropathy	36.0	27.6
Back pain	61.9	46.8
Hip fracture	1.8	0.3
Other fracture	16.0	7.3
Other comorbidities
Combined comorbidity scoreb	1.5 (±2.5)	1.1 (±2.2)
Hyperlipidemia	74.9	77.4
Hypertension	81.4	84.3
Atrial fibrillation	15.0	13.0
Heart failure	10.7	8.9
Coronary heart disease	8.9	8.1
Stroke	12.9	11.5
Malignancy	21.3	19.0
Diabetes	26.3	31.7
Obesity	12.4	17.1
Chronic kidney disease	11.7	10.8
Tobacco	17.1	12.8
Drug abuse	0.3	0.2
Osteoporosis	18.2	14.6
Psychosis	2.5	1.5
Depression	16.4	15.5
Sleep disorder	15.8	18.0
Anxiety	12.6	11.5
Medication use
Non-selective NSAIDs	39.8	40.8
Selective coxibs	10.4	9.9
Corticosteroids	36.3	35.5
Anticonvulsants	17.6	16.7
Antidepressants	28.1	29.2
Antipsychotics	2.4	2.1
Benzodiazepines	10.7	10.2
Other anxiolytics	11.7	11.9
Healthcare utilization
No. of unique prescriptions	10.2 (±5.8)	10.6 (±5.8)
No. of physician visits	12.7 (±8.1)	12.7 (±7.7)
Emergency room visit	31.2	26.1

Abbreviations: NSAIDs non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs; COXIBs cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors

^aIncluding Hispanic and other race/ethnics

^bA combined comorbidity score ranges from −2 to 26, taking into account of 20 common individual conditions.