Table 2.
Selected baseline covariates for opioids continuous users versus never users
| THR cohort | TKR cohort | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Covariate | Continuous users |
Never users | Continuous users |
Never users |
| N | 12,381 | 55,455 | 22,964 | 133,062 |
| Percentage or mean (±standard deviation) | ||||
| Demographics | ||||
| Age | 74.1 (±6.6) | 75.5 (±6.6) | 72.7 (±5.7) | 74.3 (±5.8) |
| Female | 74.0 | 63.3 | 76.1 | 64.0 |
| Race | ||||
| White | 91.1 | 94.8 | 88.3 | 92.0 |
| Black | 7.1 | 2.7 | 8.1 | 3.4 |
| Othersa | 1.8 | 2.5 | 3.6 | 4.6 |
| Region | ||||
| MidWest | 26.4 | 29.8 | 25.8 | 31.1 |
| NorthEast | 13.2 | 22.4 | 10.5 | 18.6 |
| South | 41.7 | 29.7 | 45.2 | 33.8 |
| West | 18.6 | 18.0 | 18.5 | 16.3 |
| Opioid use | ||||
| Any use of long-acting opioids | 27.7 | - | 20.9 | - |
| Any use of short-acting opioids | 98.8 | - | 98.7 | - |
| Pain-related conditions | ||||
| Falls | 15.0 | 8.3 | 10.9 | 3.0 |
| Migraine | 12.6 | 5.9 | 15.7 | 6.3 |
| Neuropathy | 51.9 | 23.9 | 44.9 | 18.7 |
| Back pain | 79.4 | 48.8 | 71.2 | 35.4 |
| Other fracture | 20.8 | 13.7 | 12.2 | 3.9 |
| Other comorbidities | ||||
| Combined comorbidity scoreb | 2.2 (±2.8) | 1.1 (±2.2) | 1.9 (±2.6) | 0.8 (±1.8) |
| Hyperlipidemia | 73.6 | 73.3 | 75.3 | 76.6 |
| Hypertension | 88.7 | 76.4 | 89.7 | 81.2 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 16.8 | 13.3 | 13.6 | 12.0 |
| Heart failure | 17.9 | 7.6 | 15.3 | 6.3 |
| Coronary heart disease | 12.9 | 6.8 | 11.3 | 6.4 |
| Stroke | 14.5 | 11.1 | 13.6 | 10.1 |
| Malignancy | 18.1 | 20.4 | 16.0 | 18.6 |
| Diabetes | 32.5 | 22.1 | 38.2 | 28.4 |
| Obesity | 17.9 | 8.6 | 22.7 | 13.7 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 16.4 | 8.8 | 16.1 | 8.2 |
| Tobacco | 27.4 | 12.1 | 21.4 | 9.3 |
| Drug abuse | 1.5 | 1.3 | 0.1 | 0.0 |
| Osteoporosis | 22.4 | 15.8 | 18.4 | 12.7 |
| Psychosis | 4.3 | 1.7 | 3.2 | 0.9 |
| Depression | 31.1 | 10.7 | 31.3 | 10.0 |
| Sleep disorder | 24.1 | 10.9 | 27.1 | 13.4 |
| Anxiety | 23.9 | 8.5 | 23.6 | 7.5 |
| Medication use | ||||
| Non-selective NSAIDs | 46.2 | 28.6 | 50.1 | 31.2 |
| COXIBs | 12.2 | 7.5 | 12.1 | 7.5 |
| Corticosteroids | 45.9 | 26.9 | 45.9 | 28.3 |
| Anticonvulsants | 39.0 | 8.6 | 39.9 | 8.9 |
| Antidepressants | 51.2 | 18.5 | 54.0 | 19.9 |
| Antipsychotics | 5.0 | 1.8 | 5.5 | 1.2 |
| Benzodiazepines | 21.1 | 6.2 | 22.3 | 6.2 |
| Other anxiolytics | 22.3 | 6.6 | 24.3 | 7.1 |
| No. of unique prescriptions | 14.9 (±6.5) | 7.0 (±4.4) | 15.5 (±6.7) | 7.8 (±4.5) |
| Healthcare utilization | ||||
| Emergency room visit | 44.2 | 22.3 | 39.3 | 16.2 |
| No. of emergency room visits | 1.0 (±1.9) | 0.3 (±0.8) | 0.8 (±1.7) | 0.2 (±0.6) |
| No. of physician visits | 15.9 (±9.4) | 10.2 (±6.7) | 16.2 (±9.6) | 10.7 (±6.5) |
Abbreviations: NSAIDs non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs; COXIBs cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors
a
Including Hispanic and other race/ethnics
b
A combined comorbidity score ranges from −2 to 26, taking into account of 20 common individual conditions.