Table 2.
Well-powered significant changes of inflammation-related factors in psychiatric disorders and estimates of sample size required to achieve 80% power
| Factor | Direction of change | Tissue | Consistency in multiple studies | Medium effect size | Largest sample size | 80% Power- required sample (p = 0.05) | 80% Power- required sample (p = 0.05/30, 0.0016)a | Effect size based on reference (PubMed ID) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Major depressive disorder (patients vs. controls) | ||||||||
| CCL11 | Increase | Blood | – | 0.44 | 454 | 136 | 340 | 29133955 |
| CCL2 | Increase | Blood | Y | 0.96 | 4688 | 30 | 76 | 28122130 and 29133955 |
| CCL4 | Decrease | Blood | – | −0.31 | 507 | 260 | 680 | 29133955 |
| CRP | Increase | Blood | Y | 0.75 | 1908 | 48 | 122 | 26065825 and 26169573 |
| CXCL4 | Increase | Blood | – | 1.03 | 816 | 26 | 68 | 29133955 |
| CXCL7 | Increase | Blood | – | 0.63 | 771 | 68 | 170 | 29133955 |
| IFN-gamma | Decrease/no change | Blood | N | −0.48 | 1470 | 114 | 288 | 28122130 and 20015486 |
| IGF-1 | Increase | Blood | – | −0.48 | 327 | 114 | 288 | 26825882 |
| IL-10 | Increase/no change | Blood | N | 0.38 | 1283 | 182 | 454 | 28122130 and 22687336 |
| IL-12 | Increase | Blood | – | 1.23 | 436 | 20 | 48 | 28122130 |
| IL-13 | Increase | Blood | – | 1.84 | 616 | 10 | 26 | 28122130 |
| IL-18 | Increase | Blood | – | 1.72 | 278 | 12 | 28 | 28122130 |
| IL-1RA | Increase | Blood | – | 0.45 | 258 | 130 | 326 | 28122130 |
| IL-6 | Increase | Blood | Y | 0.62 | 9145 | 70 | 174 | 20015486, 21872339, 22687336, 26065825, 26169573, 28122130 and 28338954 |
| IL-8 | Increase/no change | Blood | N | 0.42 | 3788 | 142 | 374 | 20015486, 26903140, 28122130, 28338954 and 29133955 |
| NGF | Decrease | Blood | Y | −0.55 | 1010 | 88 | 220 | 27898323 and 25897228 |
| sIL-2R | Increase | Blood | Y | 0.47 | 880 | 120 | 300 | 21872339 and 28122130 |
| sTNF-R2 | Increase | Blood | – | 1.17 | 195 | 20 | 54 | 28122130 |
| TNF-alpha | Increase/no change | Blood | N | 0.96 | 3077 | 30 | 76 | 28122130, 20015486, 21872339, 26065825 and 26169573 |
| VEGF | Increase | Blood | Y | 0.39 | 1754 | 172 | 432 | 26123242 and 26210676 |
| Autism (patients vs. controls) | ||||||||
| CCL11 | Increase | Blood | – | 0.32 | 244 | 244 | 638 | 24934179 |
| IFN-gamma | Increase | Blood | – | 1.04 | 335 | 26 | 66 | 24934179 |
| IL-1beta | Increase | Blood | – | 0.65 | 494 | 60 | 160 | 24934179 |
| IL-6 | Increase | Blood | – | 0.38 | 835 | 174 | 454 | 24934179 |
| IL-8 | Increase | Blood | – | 0.46 | 290 | 120 | 312 | 24934179 |
| CCL2 | Increase | Blood | – | 0.26 | 386 | 386 | 964 | 24934179 |
| TGF-beta | Decrease | Blood | – | −1.06 | 251 | 24 | 64 | 24934179 |
| Bipolar disorder (patients vs. controls) | ||||||||
| IGF-1 | Increase | Blood | – | 0.53 | 315 | 60 | 160 | 26825882 |
| IL-4 | Increase | Blood | Y | 1.01 | 825 | 28 | 70 | 23419545 and 23768870 |
| KYNA | Increase | Cerebrospinal fluid | – | 0.79 | 109 | 42 | 100 | 28338954 |
| NT3 | Increase | Blood | – | 0.38 | 468 | 174 | 454 | 27214525 |
| NT4/5 | Increase | Blood | – | 0.53 | 401 | 90 | 236 | 27214525 |
| sIL-2R | Increase | Blood | Y | 0.57 | 616 | 82 | 206 | 23419545 and 23768870 |
| sIL-6R | Increase | Blood | Y | 0.49 | 354 | 110 | 276 | 23419545 and 23768870 |
| sTNF-R1 | Increase | Blood | Y | 0.62 | 798 | 66 | 174 | 23768870 and 23419545 |
| TNF-alpha | Increase | Blood | Y | 0.61 | 985 | 68 | 180 | 23768870 and 23419546 |
| Schizophrenia (patients vs. controls) | ||||||||
| CRP | Increase | Blood | Y | 0.53 | 82,971 | 94 | 236 | 29088880, 23428789 and 26169974 |
| IL-12 | Increase | Blood | – | 0.98 | 191 | 30 | 74 | 21641581 |
| IL-1beta | Increase | Cerebrospinal fluid | – | 0.75 | 102 | 48 | 122 | 28338954 |
| IL-1RA | Increase | Blood | Y | 0.5 | 371 | 106 | 266 | 21641581 and 18005941 |
| IL-6 | Increase | Blood | Y | 1.3345 | 1219 | 18 | 42 | 18005941 and 24704219 |
| IL-6 | Increase | Cerebrospinal fluid | – | 0.4 | 424 | 164 | 410 | 28338954 |
| IL-8 | Increase | Cerebrospinal fluid | – | 0.35 | 213 | 213 | 534 | 28338954 |
| KYN | Increase | Cerebrospinal fluid | – | 1.22 | 152 | 20 | 50 | 28338954 |
| KYNA | Increase | Cerebrospinal fluid | – | 0.59 | 289 | 74 | 192 | 28338954 |
| NGF | Decrease | Blood | Y | −0.633 | 1693 | 68 | 170 | 28070123 and 27898323 |
| S100 | Increase | Blood | – | 2.07 | 738 | 8 | 22 | 19375171 |
| sIL-2R | Increase | Blood | Y | 0.969 | 1126 | 30 | 74 | 24704219 and 18005941 |
| Suicide (patients vs. controls) | ||||||||
| CRP | Increase | Blood | – | 0.45 | 456 | 106 | 326 | 25541493 |
| IL-10 | Increase | Blood | – | 0.53 | 128 | 94 | 236 | 25541493 |
| IL-2 | Decrease | Blood | – | −0.63 | 133 | 68 | 170 | 25678163 |
| IL-4 | Decrease | Blood | – | −0.78 | 108 | 46 | 112 | 25678163 |
| IL-6 | Increase/no change | Blood | N | 0.30 | 353 | 278 | 726 | 25678163 and 25541494 |
| TGF-beta | Increase | Blood | Y | 0.67 | 238 | 68 | 150 | 25678163 and 25541493 |
| Post-traumatic stress disorder (patients vs. controls) | ||||||||
| IFN-gamma | Increase | Blood | – | 0.49 | 158 | 110 | 276 | 26544749 |
| IL-1beta | Increase | Blood | – | 1.42 | 542 | 14 | 38 | 26544749 |
| IL-6 | Increase | Blood | – | 0.88 | 1013 | 34 | 90 | 26544749 |
| Sleep disorder (patients vs. controls) | ||||||||
| CRP | Increase | Blood | – | 0.12 | 34,943 | 1800 | 4502 | 26140821 |
| IL-6 | Increase | Blood | – | 0.20 | 3339 | 650 | 1624 | 26140821 |
aAssuming that 30 factors will be studied in one disorder, the p value should reach 0.05/30 to claim significance. “–” refers to single study without consistency check