Table 2.
Results of the multilevel model examining associations among sadness and repetitive regative thinking, and its moderation by between-network functional connectivity and salience network flexibility
| Fixed effects | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Estimate | Standard error | p-value | |
| Intercept | 1.13*** | 0.16 | <0.001 |
| Sadness WN | 0.11** | 0.04 | 0.004 |
| Time | −0.001 | 0.004 | 0.80 |
| DMN-FPN | −0.77 | 11.04 | 0.94 |
| FPN-SAL | −7.66 | 7.75 | 0.33 |
| SAL flexibility | −7.80 | 13.20 | 0.56 |
| Motion | −0.02 | 0.72 | 0.98 |
| Sadness BW | 0.68*** | 0.08 | <0.001 |
| Age | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.37 |
| Sex | −0.29 | 0.15 | 0.05 |
| Depressive symptoms | 0.19* | 0.09 | 0.03 |
| DMN-FPN × Sadness WN | 11.65** | 3.81 | 0.002 |
| FPN-SAL × Sadness WN | −11.15*** | 2.84 | <0.001 |
| SAL Flexibility × Sadness WN | −10.10* | 4.28 | 0.02 |
| Random effects | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Estimate | Confidence interval | ||
| Intercept | 0.48 | 0.38–0.61 | |
| Sadness WN | 0.06 | 0.01–0.27 | |
| Time | 0.03 | 0.02–0.3 | |
| Correlation (Intercept, Sadness WN) | 0.20 | −0.56–0.78 | |
| Correlation (Intercept, Time) | 0.41 | 0.03–0.69 | |
| Correlation (Sadness WN, Time) | 0.10 | −0.43–0.57 | |
| AR1 | 0.03 | −0.02–0.08 | |
| Residual | 1.09 | 1.06–1.3 | |
| Fit indices | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| AIC | 6250.58 | ||
| BIC | 6373.59 | ||
Continuous predictors were sample-mean centered and time was centered at the middle of the ambulatory assessment protocol to facilitate interpretation of the intercept. Sex was specified as a factor with 1 = male, 2 = female; the N = 1995 observations were nested within 58 participants
Sadness WN within-person deviated version of sadness, Sadness BW between-person version of sadness, Depressive symptoms composite score by averaging z-standardized BDI-II and MADRS scores, DMN default mode network, FPN fronto-parietal network, SAL salience network, AR1 autocorrelation, AIC Akaike information criterion, BIC Bayesian information criterion
***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05