Fig. 3.

Electrochemical characterizations of ANs–GPE-based cells. a Ionic conductivities of GFs–LE, GPE, GFs–GPE, and ANs–GPE. b Galvanostatic cycling curves of Na/Na symmetrical cells using GFs–LE, GPE, GFs–GPE, and ANs–GPE at a current density of 0.5 mA cm⁻². c, d Long-term cycling performance of NVP/Na cells using GFs–LE, GPE, GFs–GPE, and ANs–GPE at 1 C under 25 °C and 60 °C. e Rate performance of NVP/Na cells using GFs–LE, GPE, GFs–GPE, and ANs–GPE. f Charge/discharge curves of Na/ANs–GPE/Na symmetrical cells from 0.1 to 5 C. g Cycling performance of NVP/ANs–GPE/Na cells with NVP mass loading of 2.8 mg cm⁻². h, i EIS plots of NVP/ANs–GPE/Na and NVP/GFs–GPE/Na cells after different cycles