Table 1.
Animal model | Preclinical phenotype | Reference |
---|---|---|
Spinal nerve ligation | Enhanced stimulus-evoked and spontaneous firing reduced by clonidine | Patel et al., 2018 |
L5-L6 spinal nerve ligation | Increased extracellular glutamate in the LC and impaired pain-evoked endogenous analgesia after nerve injury | Kimura et al., 2015 |
L5-L6 spinal nerve ligation | Mechanical hypersensitivity reduced by α2-agonists | Hayashida et al., 2008 |
Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats | Mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia reduced by duloxetine | Kinoshita et al., 2013 |
Rats with tibial nerve transection | Mechanical and cold allodynia and heat hypersensitivity, all increased by α2-antagonists | Hughes et al., 2013 |
Incisional pain model combined with DβH-saporin | Selective degeneration of NA neurons with delayed recovery of mechanical hypersensitivity and increased spinal glial activation reduced by α2-agonists | Arora et al., 2016 |
LC, locus coeruleus; DβH-saporin, dopamine β-hydroxylase conjugated to saporin; NA, noradrenaline.