Table 1.
Key studies on the ventriloquism effect and aftereffect published since 2013.
| Study | Main finding |
|---|---|
| Arnold et al. (2019) and Meijer et al. (2019) | Visual bias in VE is stronger than predicted by maximum likelihood integration |
| Bruns et al. (2014) | Monetary reward for accurate sound localization reduces the VE |
| Zierul et al. (2019) | Reduced VE for self-initiated audiovisual stimuli |
| Zaidel et al. (2013) | Feedback results in yoked recalibration of both cues in the same direction |
| Pages and Groh (2013) | VAE depends on visual feedback rather than on audiovisual synchrony |
| Berger and Ehrsson (2013) and Berger and Ehrsson (2018) | Imagined visual stimuli induce a VE and VAE |
| Delong et al. (2018) | Subliminal visual stimuli induce a (reduced) VE |
| Bruns and Röder (2015) | Immediate and cumulative VAE are dissociable processes |
| Bosen et al. (2017) | VAE accumulates with repetitions and decays over time |
| Bosen et al. (2018) | VAE consists of both a large and transient initial localization shift, as well as a smaller and more enduring shift |
| Mendonça et al. (2015) | Last audiovisual trial affects subsequent VAE the most |
| Watson et al. (2019) | VAE involves distinct recalibration mechanisms operating at different time scales |
| Bruns and Röder (2019) | Repeated training sessions enhance the VAE over days |
| Callan et al. (2015) | VE is associated with modulation of activity in space-sensitive auditory cortex |
| Bonath et al. (2014) | Separate but adjacent auditory regions code VE to synchronous and asynchronous stimuli |
| Rohe and Noppeney (2015a) and Rohe and Noppeney (2016) | Multisensory integration and causal inference are performed in parietal regions |
| Aller and Noppeney (2019) | Causal inference in the brain is accomplished by a dynamic encoding of multiple spatial estimates |
| Park and Kayser (2019) | VE and immediate VAE have a common neural substrate in parietal cortex |
| Cuppini et al. (2017) | Biologically inspired neural network model explains behavioral VE |
| Zierul et al. (2017) | VAE results in persistent adjustments of spatial representations in auditory cortex |
| Bruns and Röder (2017) | VAE depends on the sensory context |
| Odegaard et al. (2017) | Cross-modal binding (i.e., VE) increases after exposure to synchronous but spatially unrelated stimuli |
| Odegaard and Shams (2016) | Cross-modal binding (i.e., VE) is stable over time in adulthood |
VE, ventriloquism effect; VAE, ventriloquism aftereffect.