TABLE 2.
Prospective Association Between Sports Specialization and Risk of Injury Among Adolescents and Young Adults in the Growing Up Today Studya
| Males | Females | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≥3 Seasons Engaged In… | Model 1: Age | Model 1 + h/wk of Vigorous Activity | Model 1: Age | Model 1 + h/wk of Vigorous Activity |
| Running | 1.13 (0.87-1.49) | 0.87 (0.65-1.17) | 1.39 (1.14-1.70) | 1.09 (0.88-1.36) |
| Basketball | 1.30 (0.99-1.70) | 1.02 (0.76-1.37) | 1.15 (0.89-1.50) | 0.89 (0.68-1.17) |
| Baseball | 2.01 (1.23-3.30) | 2.21 (1.35-3.63) | 1.10 (0.60-2.01) | 1.10 (0.60-2.01) |
| Dance | 0.54 (0.20-1.47) | 0.57 (0.21-1.54) | 1.00 (0.82-1.21) | 1.00 (0.83-1.22) |
| Swimming | 0.70 (0.40-1.23) | 0.59 (0.33-1.03) | 1.39 (1.05-1.83) | 1.10 (0.83-1.47) |
| Skating | 0.70 (0.42-1.17) | 0.56 (0.33-0.94) | 1.02 (0.71-1.46) | 0.88 (0.61-1.25) |
| Soccer | 1.47 (1.06-2.04) | 1.11 (0.79-1.58) | 1.40 (1.07-1.84) | 1.02 (0.76-1.36) |
| Football | 0.69 (0.48-1.01) | 0.58 (0.40-0.85) | — | — |
| Tennis | 0.98 (0.55-1.76) | 0.85 (0.47-1.53) | 0.64 (0.35-1.16) | 0.51 (0.28-0.92) |
| Volleyball | 1.25 (0.46-3.38) | 1.40 (0.52-3.79) | 1.37 (0.98-1.92) | 1.37 (0.97-1.92) |
| Martial arts | 1.38 (0.87-2.20) | 1.10 (0.69-1.78) | 0.58 (0.26-1.29) | 0.48 (0.21-1.08) |
| Hockey | 1.07 (0.65-1.76) | 0.82 (0.49-1.37) | 1.35 (0.72-2.56) | 1.00 (0.52-1.90) |
| Cheerleading/gymnastics | 3.33 (1.46-7.58) | 2.70 (1.18-6.17) | 1.54 (1.17-2.02) | 1.21 (0.91-1.61) |
aValues are presented as hazard ratio (95% CI). Data are from Cox proportional hazards models that included all the activities listed in the table, which were measured in the cycle before case designation: 1178 females and 793 males developed a stress fracture, chondromalacia patella or patella femoral syndrome, tendinitis, anterior cruciate ligament tear, or osteochondritis dissecans or osteochondral defect for the first time.