Table 3.
Clinical and biochemical behaviors independently modified by overtraining syndrome (OTS)
| Parameters modified by the presence of OTS | p of the influence of OTS a | Level of influence of the presence of OTS a (Adjusted R-Square) |
Other variables that may also influence | Equation for the estimation of the parameter level in male athletes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Late ACTH response to an ITT (30’after hypoglycaemia) (pg/mL) | 0.002 | 19.9% | none | n/a |
| Late cortisol response (30’after hypoglycaemia) (μg/dL) | 0.0005 | 26.1% | none | Cortisol (μg/dL) = 17.86–3.81(if OTS) |
| Cortisol response to an ITT (μg/dL) | 0.002 | 22.0% | none | n/a |
| Late GH response (30’after hypoglycaemia) (μg/L) | 0.001 | 23.0% | none | n/a |
| Testosterone-to-oestadiol ratio (T/E) | 0.0002 | 30.7% | none | T/E = 14.1 + 12.9 (if OTS) |
| POMS vigour subscale | < 0.0001 | 83.6% | Sleep quality | POMS vigour subscale = 3.7 + 1.15x(sleep quality) – 11.96(if OTS) |
| POMS fatigue subscale | < 0.0001 | 85.7% | Sleep quality | POMS fatigue subscale = 24.5–0.9 x(sleep quality) + 15.3(if OTS) |
| POMS tension subscale | < 0.0001 | 42.8% | none | Not able to be estimated |
| Visceral fat (cm2) | 0.002 | 38.2% | Protein and overall calorie intake | Visceral fat = 47.4–11.9x(protein intake) + 1.3x(calorie intake) + 45.1(if OTS) |
| Muscle mass (%) | 0.028 | 33.7% | Protein intake | Muscle mass = 47.84 + 1.42x(protein intake) – 3.47(if OTS) |
| Body water (%) | 0.001 | 50.5% | Protein and overall calorie intake | Body water = 60.75 + 1.69x(protein intake) – 0.12x(calorie intake) - 5.77(if OTS) |
| Neutrophils (/mm3) | 0.015 | 13.8% | Calorie intake | Neutrophils = 4210–60.7x(calorie intake) + 154.4x(CHO intake) -1724(if OTS) |
| Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio | 0.015 | 13.6% | none | Ratio = 2.00–1.32(if OTS) |
CHO Carbohydrate, ITT Insulin tolerant test, POMS Profile of mood states, BMR Basal metabolic rate, T/E Testosterone-to-oestradiol, OTS Overtraining syndrome’, n/a non applicables (non-normal distribution)
Calorie intake = kcal/kg/day, CHO intake = g(CHO)/kg/day; protein intake = g(protein)/kg/day; extra activities = working and/or studying hours besides training, sleep quality = self-reported sleep quality (0 to 10)
aOther minor influences may also reflect the p-value and the level of influence