Table 1. Elemental and Chemical Bond Composition of Pure CS, CS–GO, and CS–GO/TMC Membranes Analyzed by XPS^a.

	atoms percent (%)				chemical bond percent (%)
item	C 1s	N 1s	O 1s	Al 2p	N–C=O	C–O/C–OH	C–N	C–C/C-H
binding energy (eV)	285.2	399.4	532.5	74.1	287.7	286.5	285.9	284.6
CS	35.8	4.5	43.3	16.3	17.1	18.8	20.7	43.4
CS–GO	54.9	5.8	35.3	4.0	15.8	24.9	16.7	42.6
CS–GO/TMC	66.1	6.0	27.9		17.6	5.0	29.4	48.0

^aThe CS and TMC concentrations of the hybrid membranes were 1.0 and 0.5 wt %, respectively