Table 3.
Factors associated with immunization defaulters (N = 1015)
| Socio-demographic characteristics | Defaulter n (%) | NonDefaulter n (%) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mother’s age (years) | |||
| 20 to 29 | 25 (23.4) | 82 (76.6) | < 0.0001* |
| 30 to 39 | 158 (18.8) | 684 (81.2) | |
| 40 and above | 27 (40.9) | 39 (59.1) | |
| Ethnicity | |||
| Malay | 115 (16.6) | 578 (83.4) | < 0.0001* |
| Non-Malay | 95 (29.5) | 227 (70.5) | |
| Religion | |||
| Muslim | 124 (17.5) | 583 (82.5) | < 0.0001* |
| Non-Muslim | 86 (27.9) | 222 (72.1) | |
| Marital status | |||
| Married | 197 (19.7) | 802 (80.3) | < 0.0001*+ |
| Single/divorcee/widow | 13 (81.3) | 3 (18.8) | |
| Educational level | |||
| Diploma and below | 47 (43.5) | 61 (56.5) | < 0.0001* |
| Degree and above | 163 (18.0) | 744 (82.0) | |
| Working status | |||
| Working | 175 (19.4) | 727 (80.6) | 0.004* |
| Not-working | 35 (31.0) | 78 (69.9) | |
| Family composition | |||
| 5 and below | 168 (18.8) | 726 (81.2) | < 0.0001* |
| Above 5 | 42 (34.7) | 79 (65.3) | |
| Number of children | |||
| 1 to 2 | 129 (17.6) | 605 (82.4) | < 0.0001* |
| 3 to 4 | 72 (27.6) | 189 (72.4) | |
| 5 or higher | 9 (45.0) | 11 (55.0) | |
| Child’s age | |||
| 2 years and below | 56 (26.9) | 152 (73.1) | 0.013* |
| Above 2 years | 154 (19.1) | 653 (80.9) | |
| Child’s gender | |||
| Male | 116 (23.5) | 378 (76.5) | 0.032* |
| Female | 94 (18.0) | 427 (82.0) | |
| Child’s birth order | |||
| First born | 52 (14.5) | 307 (85.5) | < 0.0001* |
| Non-first born | 158 (24.1) | 498 (75.9) | |
| Place of immunization | |||
| Government | 102 (17.9) | 468 (82.1) | 0.042* |
| Private | 84 (24.7) | 256 (75.3) | |
| Mixed | 24 (22.9) | 81 (77.1) | |
| Distance to health facility (km) | |||
| 1 to 5 | 98 (16.9) | 482 (83.1) | 0.001* |
| More than 5 | 112 (25.7) | 323 (74.3) | |
| Travelling time to health facility (minutes) | |||
| Less than 15 | 63 (13.7) | 398 (86.3) | < 0.0001* |
| 15 to 29 | 96 (25.4) | 282 (74.6) | |
| 30 and above | 51 (29.0) | 125 (71.0) | |
| Waiting time (minutes) | |||
| Less than 60 | 83 (23.9) | 265 (76.1) | 0.199 |
| 60–119 | 63 (19.1) | 266 (80.9) | |
| 120 and above | 64 (18.9) | 274 (81.1) | |
| Delayed immunization schedule | |||
| Yes | 84 (40.0) | 126 (60.0) | < 0.0001* |
| No | 126 (15.7) | 679 (84.3) | |
*Significant at p value < 0.05