Table 1. Baseline Characteristics Between Groups Who Underwent Robotic-Assisted Partial Nephrectomy With and Without 3-Dimensional Virtual Reality Models.
| Characteristic | Participants, No. (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| Virtual Reality Models (n = 44) | No Virtual Reality Models (n = 48) | |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 64.6 (9.7) | 57.6 (12.3) |
| Sex | ||
| Male | 29 (66) | 29 (60) |
| Female | 15 (34) | 19 (40) |
| Race | ||
| White | 36 (82) | 38 (79) |
| Nonwhite | 8 (18) | 10 (21) |
| Nephrometry score | ||
| 4 | 5 (11) | 11 (23) |
| 5 | 3 (7) | 6 (12) |
| 6 | 3 (7) | 8 (17) |
| 7 | 5 (11) | 8 (17) |
| 8 | 8 (18) | 8 (17) |
| 9 | 13 (30) | 4 (8) |
| 10 | 5 (11) | 2 (4) |
| 11 | 2 (5) | 1 (2) |
| Surgeon experience with robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy, No. of cases/y | ||
| 1-10 | 4 (9) | 8 (17) |
| 11-30 | 7 (16) | 7 (15) |
| >30 | 33 (75) | 33 (69) |
| Fellow involved in operation | 25 (57) | 25 (52) |
| Resident involved in operation | 22 (40) | 26 (54) |
| Laterality | ||
| Right | 26 (59) | 20 (42) |
| Left | 18 (41) | 28 (58) |
| Approach | ||
| Retroperitoneal | 8 (18) | 14 (29) |
| Transperitoneal | 36 (82) | 34 (71) |
| Fourth robotic arm used | 28 (64) | 25 (52) |