Table 1.
Proportions of hardened smokers among current smokers (aged ≥25 years) by selected characteristics in 19 LMICs, GATS 2009–2013
| Country (Survey Year) (Sample Size N) |
Argentina ( 2012 ) (N=1333 ) |
Bangladesh ( 2009 ) (N=2001 ) |
China ( 2010 ) (N=3828 ) |
Egypt ( 2009 ) (N=3713 ) |
India ( 2010 ) (N=10656 ) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % ( 95% CI) | p | % ( 95% CI) | p | % ( 95% CI) | p | % ( 95% CI) | p | % ( 95% CI) | p | |
| Overall | 9.9 (6.8–14.3) | 19.0 (16.1–22.3) | 10.3 (9.2–11.5) | 19.1 (17.3–20.9) | 26.8 (25.0–28.7) | |||||
| Sexa | 0.17 | 0.21 | 0.07 | 0.91 | 0.21 | |||||
| Male | 7.9 (5.1–12.2) | 18.6 (15.8–21.8) | 10.4 (9.3–11.6) | 19.0 (17.3–20.9) | 27.5 (25.6–29.5) | |||||
| Female | 13.5 (7.9–22.0) | 30.1 (15.9–49.4) | 7.2 (4.6–11.1) | 19.8 (9.4–37.1) | 21.1 (16.5–26.4) | |||||
| Residencea | NA | 0.01 | 0.24 | <0.01 | 0.31 | |||||
| Urban | NA | 13.6 (10.8–16.9) | 9.4 (7.7–11.3) | 22.2 (19.7–25.0) | 25.5 (22.9–28.2) | |||||
| Rural | NA | 20.7 (17.0–24.9) | 11.0 (9.4–12.8) | 16.3 (14.1–18.8) | 27.2 (25.1–29.5) | |||||
| Age groupsb | 0.06 | 0.78 | <0.01 | 0.04 | <0.01 | |||||
| 25–44 | 6.2 (3.4–10.9) | 17.8 (14.1–22.2) | 5.5 (3.7– 8.2) | 16.8 (14.1–19.8) | 20.6 (17.5–24.1) | |||||
| 45–64 | 9.3 (4.1–19.7) | 20.4 (15.7–26.0) | 10.8 (8.6–13.6) | 19.6 (16.9–22.7) | 24.5 (21.7–27.5) | |||||
| 65+ | 12.7 (7.7–20.3) | 18.8 (15.1–23.1) | 12.0 (10.3–13.9) | 20.4 (18.0–23.0) | 30.9 (28.6–33.3) | |||||
| Educationb | 0.61 | <0.01 | 0.4 | 0.05 | <0.01 | |||||
| Low | 7.6 (4.6–12.5) | 19.8 (16.7–23.3) | 10.2 (8.8–11.8) | 20.3 (18.0–22.7) | 27.7 (25.7–29.7) | |||||
| Middle | 17.4 (9.2–30.4) | 13.5 (7.9–22.3) | 12.2 (9.7–15.2) | 17.0 (12.0–23.6) | 21.7 (18.1–25.8) | |||||
| High | 8.1 (4.0–15.6) | 3.8 (1.5– 9.4) | 6.4 (3.8–10.5) | 17.1 (14.7–19.8) | 20.3 (15.7–26.0) | |||||
| Wealth indexb | 0.31 | <0.01 | 0.24 | 0.84 | 0.05 | |||||
| Low | 13.5 (7.1–24.1) | 24.5 (20.1–29.6) | 10.0 (7.9–12.5) | 19.1 (16.5–21.9) | 28.0 (25.4–30.7) | |||||
| Middle | 7.3 (4.6–11.4) | 17.8 (13.9–22.5) | 12.6 (10.2–15.4) | 19.3 (17.0–21.9) | 26.8 (24.3–29.4) | |||||
| High | 8.6 (5.0–14.3) | 10.3 (7.2–14.5) | 8.3 (6.4–10.6) | 18.4 (15.0–22.3) | 23.2 (19.8–26.9) | |||||
| Knowledge of the danger of smokinga | 0.70 | 0.18 | 0.95 | 0.24 | <0.01 | |||||
| Yes | 9.9 (6.7–14.3) | 18.7 (15.7–22.0) | 10.3 (9.1–11.6) | 18.8 (17.1–20.7) | 25.3 (23.5–27.2) | |||||
| No | 12.4 (4.2–31.2) | 29.2 (17.1–45.1) | 10.4 (7.9–13.6) | 25.6 (16.1–38.2) | 36.8 (31.9–41.9) | |||||