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. 2019 Feb 18;17:11. doi: 10.18332/tid/100631
Country (Survey Year) (Sample Size N) Indonesia ( 2011 ) (N=2500 )
Malaysia ( 2011 ) (N=851 )
Mexico ( 2009 ) (N=1407 )
Nigeria ( 2012 ) (N=392 )
Panama ( 2013 ) (N=857 )
% ( 95% CI) p % ( 95% CI) p % ( 95% CI) p % ( 95% CI) p % ( 95% CI) p
Overall 20.3 (17.1–24.0) 21.6 (18.0–25.7) 7.5 (5.8– 9.5) 22.5 (16.2–30.4) 16.2 (10.8–23.5)
Sexa 0.04 0.03 0.8 NA 0.01
Male 20.7 (17.4–24.4) 22.0 (18.3–26.2) 7.6 (5.9– 9.8) 22.7 (16.2–30.9) 19.4 (12.8–28.4)
Female 12.4 (6.9–21.3) 7.5 (2.2–23.1) 7.0 (3.8–12.5) NA 5.7 (2.3–13.3)
Residencea 0.56 0.03 0.05 0.02 NA
Urban 19.3 (15.1–24.3) 19.3 (14.8–24.8) 7.9 (6.0–10.3) 12.5 (7.7–19.8) NA
Rural 21.3 (16.7–26.7) 27.4 (22.7–32.7) 4.9 (3.1– 7.5) 26.2 (18.0–36.5) NA
Age groupsb 0.41 0.72 <0.01 0.89 <0.01
25–44 18.0 (14.0–22.9) 21.5 (15.5–29.1) 4.6 (2.8– 7.4) 21.3 (12.4–34.3) 4.3 (1.8–10.2)
45–64 23.1 (18.7–28.1) 21.4 (15.4–28.9) 7.8 (4.8–12.4) 26.4 (15.2–41.7) 12.4 (4.9–27.8)
65+ 20.1 (16.8–23.9) 23.2 (17.2–30.5) 10.1 (7.4–13.7) 20.4 (11.8–33.0) 27.1 (18.8–37.5)
Educationb <0.01 0.04 0.95 0.65 0.27
Low 23.4 (19.3–28.1) 25.5 (19.6–32.4) 7.6 (5.8–10.0) 22.7 (14.6–33.5) 18.3 (10.8–29.3)
Middle 16.7 (13.4–20.7) 19.7 (15.0–25.5) 2.2 (0.5– 9.0) 24.3 (15.2–36.6) 15.2 (7.9–27.3)
High 13.4 (7.6–22.4) 13.3 (5.8–27.5) 8.4 (4.2–16.1) 12.2 (3.7–33.0) 7.6 (2.1–24.0)
Wealth indexb 0.15 0.15 0.88 0.35 0.21
Low 22.7 (18.1–28.1) 24.5 (19.1–30.9) 5.7 (3.2–10.0) 20.0 (12.8–29.9) 6.1 (2.7–13.0)
Middle 19.4 (15.7–23.9) 22.1 (16.3–29.3) 8.8 (6.1–12.6) 19.8 (10.6–33.9) 14.9 (6.6–30.3)
High 18.3 (14.0–23.5) 18.4 (13.0–25.3) 7.0 (5.1– 9.7) 27.9 (16.4–43.1) 18.2 (10.6–29.5)
Knowledge of the danger of smokinga 0.19 0.45 0.61 0.48 0.06
Yes 19.4 (16.1–23.2) 21.0 (17.4–25.1) 7.4 (5.7– 9.5) 21.3 (13.4–32.0) 16.8 (11.3–24.4)
No 24.0 (17.9–31.3) 26.3 (15.2–41.7) 11.1 (2.9–34.4) 26.0 (18.0–36.0) 5.8 (1.5–20.1)