| Country (Survey Year) (Sample Size N) |
Turkey ( 2012 ) (N=2165 ) |
Ukraine ( 2010 ) (N=2106 ) |
Uruguay ( 2009 ) (N=1204 ) |
Vietnam ( 2010 ) (N=2058 ) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % ( 95% CI) | p | % ( 95% CI) | p | % ( 95% CI) | p | % ( 95% CI) | p | |
| Overall | 18.6 (16.7–20.6) | 32.7 (30.2–35.3) | 16.1 (13.5–19.1) | 25.1 (23.0–27.5) | ||||
| Sexa | 0.32 | <0.01 | 0.06 | 0.36 | ||||
| Male | 19.1 (16.9–21.4) | 35.1 (32.4–38.0) | 18.2 (14.5–22.7) | 24.9 (22.7–27.2) | ||||
| Female | 17.1 (13.9–20.8) | 23.2 (18.2–29.1) | 13.2 (10.2–17.0) | 31.2 (20.0–45.2) | ||||
| Residencea | 0.66 | 0.05 | 0.73 | 0.95 | ||||
| Urban | 18.8 (16.5–21.2) | 31.2 (28.0–34.6) | 16.1 (13.3–19.3) | 25.0 (22.0–28.3) | ||||
| Rural | 17.9 (14.9–21.3) | 36.2 (32.5–40.1) | 16.9 (13.6–20.8) | 25.2 (22.4–28.2) | ||||
| Age groupsb | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.59 | 0.01 | ||||
| 25–44 | 14.1 (11.3–17.5) | 24.4 (20.7–28.5) | 19.4 (14.1–26.3) | 20.6 (16.5–25.3) | ||||
| 45–64 | 20.3 (17.0–23.9) | 36.1 (31.2–41.4) | 9.8 (6.1–15.4) | 24.5 (20.8–28.7) | ||||
| 65+ | 21.7 (18.4–25.5) | 37.0 (33.3–40.8) | 16.8 (13.0–21.3) | 28.5 (25.0–32.2) | ||||
| Educationb | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.14 | <0.01 | ||||
| Low | 21.2 (18.5–24.1) | 38.9 (34.8–43.2) | 17.3 (14.3–20.9) | 26.7 (24.2–29.3) | ||||
| Middle | 19.2 (15.0–24.2) | 32.1 (28.5–36.0) | 13.7 (8.5–21.5) | 20.6 (15.6–26.6) | ||||
| High | 14.7 (11.9–18.1) | 22.1 (17.3–27.7) | 12.4 (6.4–22.9) | 14.9 (10.4–20.8) | ||||
| Wealth indexb | 0.14 | <0.01 | 0.45 | <0.01 | ||||
| Low | 20.8 (17.2–24.8) | 38.4 (33.9–43.1) | 18.0 (13.6–23.5) | 29.4 (25.6–33.6) | ||||
| Middle | 19.4 (16.5–22.7) | 35.3 (31.2–39.7) | 16.0 (11.5–21.9) | 23.5 (19.8–27.6) | ||||
| High | 15.6 (12.5–19.4) | 24.1 (20.3–28.3) | 15.1 (11.1–20.2) | 22.4 (18.4–27.0) | ||||
| Knowledge of the danger of smokinga | 0.55 | <0.01 | 0.18 | <0.01 | ||||
| Yes | 18.5 (16.6–20.5) | 30.8 (28.3–33.5) | 15.6 (13.0–18.5) | 23.3 (21.2–25.6) | ||||
| No | 21.2 (13.7–31.3) | 46.4 (39.2–53.6) | 25.7 (13.2–43.9) | 47.0 (37.9–56.3) | ||||
LMICs: low– and middle–income countries, GATS: Global Adult Tobacco Survey, CI: confidence interval, NA: not available.
a
p–values from chi– squared test.
b
p–values from linear trend test.