Are there hardened smokers in low- and middle-income countries? Findings from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey

. 2019 Feb 18;17:11. doi: 10.18332/tid/100631

Country (Survey Year)	Romania ( 2011 )	Russia ( 2009 )	Thailand ( 2011 )	Turkey ( 2012 )	Ukraine ( 2010 )	Uruguay ( 2009 )	Vietnam ( 2010 )
AOR ( 95% CI)
Sex
Male	1.5 (1.0-2.2)^*	2.2 (1.7-2.8)^*	1.4 (1.0-2.0)^*	1.2 (0.9-1.6)	1.6 (1.1-2.4)^*	1.4 (0.9-2.1)	1.1 (0.6-2.1)
Female	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Residence
Urban	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Rural	1.3 (0.9-2.1)	0.9 (0.8-1.1)	1.1 (0.9-1.4)	0.8 (0.6-1.1)	0.9 (0.7-1.2)	0.9 (0.6-1.4)	0.8 (0.6-1.1)
Age groups
25–44	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
45–64	1.0 (0.6-1.6)	1.3 (1.0-1.7)^*	1.3 (1.0-1.8)^*	1.6 (1.1-2.2)^*	1.6 (1.2-2.3)^*	0.5 (0.2-0.9)	1.2 (0.9-1.8)
65+	0.9 (0.6-1.4)	1.6 (1.3-2.0)^*	1.5 (1.1-2.1)^*	1.7 (1.2-2.4)^*	1.4 (1.1-1.9)^*	0.8 (0.5-1.3)	1.6 (1.1-2.2)^*
Education
Low	1.1 (0.6-2.0)	1.3 (1.0-1.7)^*	1.4 (1.0-2.0)^*	1.3 (1.0-1.8)^*	1.7 (1.2-2.5)^*	1.4 (0.7-3.0)	1.9 (1.2-3.0)^*
Middle	0.7 (0.4-1.3)	1.6 (1.2-2.0)^*	1.1 (0.8-1.6)	1.3 (0.9-1.9)	1.4 (1.0-2.0)^*	1.1 (0.4- 3.0)	1.5 (0.8-2.5)
High	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Wealth index
Low	0.8 (0.5-1.3)	1.5 (1.2-2.0)^*	0.9 (0.7-1.3)	1.4 (1.0-2.0)^*	1.5 (1.1-2.2)^*	1.1 (0.6-1.8)	1.3 (0.9-1.9)
Middle	0.8 (0.5-1.2)	1.3 (1.0-1.6)^*	0.9 (0.7-1.2)	1.3 (1.0-1.8)^*	1.5 (1.1-2.0)^*	1.0 (0.6-1.6)	1.0 (0.7-1.5)
High	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Knowledge of the danger of smoking
Yes	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
No	1.9 (1.0-3.4)^*	1.4 (1.1-1.8)^*	1.0 (0.6-1.7)	1.1 (0.7-2.0)	1.7 (1.2-2.3)^*	2.2 (1.0-4.7)^*	2.9 (2.0-4.3)^*

LMICs: low- and middle-income countries, GATS: Global Adult Tobacco Survey, CI: confidence interval, NA: not available. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) was adjusted with all listed characteristics using multiple logistic regression. The dependent variable was hardened smokers (‘yes’ for hardened smokers, ‘no’ for all the rest as non-hardened smokers).

p≤0.05.