Table 1.
Description of Sample and Between-Groups Differences on Variables from ASK model used to characterize groupsa
| Below Basic | Basic | Intermediate | Proficient | Overall | df | χ2 | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 59 | 132 | 153 | 145 | 489 | |||
| Gender (Men/Women) | 20/39 | 44/88 | 57/96 | 65/80 | 186/303 | 3 | 4.55 | 0.21 |
| Language (English/Spanish) | 19/40 | 52/80 | 72/81 | 99/46 | 242/247 | 3 | 33.27 | <0.001 |
| Race (White/Black/Other) | 47/12/0 | 89/41/2 | 116/36/1 | 112/32/1 | 364/121/4 | 6 | 5.73 | 0.45 |
| df | F | p | ||||||
| Education | 9.12 (3.63) | 11.31 (2.76) | 12.68 (2.43) | 14.18 (2.43) | 12.32 (3.06) | 3, 488 | 61.20 | < 0.001 |
| Age | 68.20 (18.46) | 58.25 (16.21) | 48.32 (18.46) | 47.97 (18.46) | 53.07 (18.35) | 3, 488 | 23.70 | < 0.001 |
| SES | −0.84 (0.84) | −0.35 (0.91) | −0.01 (0.80) | 0.62 (0.97) | −0.01 (1.01) | 3, 488 | 47.54 | < 0.001 |
| Verbal | 84.12 (11.51) | 85.16 (10.59) | 91.11 (6.93) | 100.60 (10.21) | 91.45 (11.56) | 3, 488 | 76.64 | < 0.001 |
| Comp | 31.07 (6.19) | 33.37 (3.98) | 35.70 (3.24) | 39.92 (3.87) | 35.46 (4.85) | 3, 487 | 65.68 | < 0.001 |
| Comp GEb | 5.1 | 6.7 | 8.9 | 13.0 | 8.9 | |||
| Math | 37.12 (6.29) | 38.78 (5.15) | 43.88 (4.27) | 49.59 (6.45) | 43.36 (7.19) | 3, 488 | 120.06 | < 0.001 |
| Math GEb | 5.7 | 6.4 | 8.7 | 13.1 | 8.7 | |||
| FACT | 4.81 (2.60) | 5.89 (2.27) | 7.71 (2.38) | 9.37 (2.44) | 7.40 (2.87) | 3, 479 | 71.62 | < 0.001 |
a
All continuous variables are presented as means and standard deviations. Education = years of formal school; SES = score on index including education, income, and occupational status (mean = 0, SD = 1); Verbal = Woodcock-Johnson or Woodcock-Munoz (WJ/WM) Verbal Comprehension score (mean 100, SD = 15); Comp = WJ/WM Passage Comprehension raw score; Math = WJ/WM Applied Problems raw score; FACT = raw score on FLIGHT/VIDAS general health information scale (range 0 – 14).
b
Grade equivalent scores for the subtest means listed in the row above.