Table 1.

Engagement spectrum. Adapted with permission from International Association for Public Participation. IAP2 spectrum. Denver: IAP2.

Least engaging				Most engaging
Inform	Consult	Involve	Collaborate	Empower
Physicians receive information and announcements	Physicians consulted on draft plans or on issues; feedback impacts decisions	Institution involves physicians with healthcare planning and policy processes	Physicians share decision making with the institution	Physicians identify issues, solutions and actions with institutional support