R2* enhancement diminishes DCE-MRI-measured treatment effect size. Pooled histograms of voxel-wise uncorrected (top row) and R2*-corrected (bottom row) Tofts parameter values (left to right: Ktrans, ve, vp) from all TOV-21G ovarian tumor xenografts before (pre-Tx, blue) and 48 h after bevacizumab treatment (post-Tx, red) (A). The solid vertical lines mark the pre- and post-Tx medians, and the dotted vertical lines mark the pre- and post-Tx 95th percentiles. The treatment-induced changes in median (50th %tile) and 95th percentile uncorrected and R2*-corrected Tofts parameter values for each tumor (B). Paired t tests were performed to compare uncorrected and R2*-corrected changes, and P values were corrected for multiple comparisons using the Benjamini–Hochberg procedure. The median voxel-wise percent errors in uncorrected Tofts parameter estimates compared with R2*-corrected estimates for each tumor pre- and post-Tx (C). Paired t tests were performed to compare the pre- and post-Tx errors, and P values were corrected for multiple comparisons using the Benjamini–Hochberg procedure.