Table 1.

Overview of the statistical analysis on the presence of a facial gestalt for the four ID syndromes using the three described models (one-sided Mann–Whitney U test)

Data set	Model	CIF	Median CIF simulations	U statistic	p value
Koolen–de Vries syndrome	CFPS	0.993	0.8026	389	4.26 × 10−2a
	OpenFace	1.143	0.8026	1	2 × 10−4a
	Hybrid	1.191	0.8026	0	<1 × 10−4a
PACS1	CFPS	1.908	0.9656	172	1.90 × 10−2a
	OpenFace	1.955	0.9538	68	7.6 × 10−3a
	Hybrid	2.523	0.9538	5	8 × 10−4a
PPM1D	CFPS	1.011	0.9788	4683.5	4.77 × 10−1
	OpenFace	1.667	0.9635	442	4.80 × 10−2a
	Hybrid	1.713	0.9635	422.5	4.65 × 10−2a
PHIP	CFPS	2.399	0.9736	59.5	7.1 × 10−3a
	OpenFace	1.101	0.9597	3098	3.20 × 10−1
	Hybrid	2.239	0.9597	54	6.3 × 10−3a

CIFclustering improvement factor, CFPS Clinical Face Phenotype Space, ID intellectual disability.

^aStatistically significant difference.