Table 1. Characteristics of the studies included in the systematic review and prevalence of sexual violence. (n = 60).
| First author and year of study | Country(ies)/ host region | Data collection location | Period of data collection | Instrument of study | Sampling (n) | Mean age of sample (years) | Female proportion (%) | Global SV prevalence (%)* | Prevalence of SV by sex | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
||||||||||
| Start | End | Female | Male | ||||||||
| Allodi14 (1990) | Canada | USS | 1979 | 1985 | NI | 56 | NI | 50.0 | NI | 64.3 | 39.3 |
| Fornazzari15 (1990) | Canada | USS | NI | NI | Collection in records | 36 | 37 | 100.0 | 22.2 | 22.2 | NA |
| Mckelvey16 (1995) | Philippines | USS | NI | NI | RQ | 102 | NI | 33.3 | 9.8 | 8.8 | 10.3 |
| Peel17 (1996) | United Kingdom | USS and detention centers | 1993 | 1994 | Collection in records | 92 | NI | 21.7 | 33.7 | 80 | 20.8 |
| Frljak18 (1997) | Bosnia and Herzegovina | USS | 1993 | 1994 | Collection in records | 241 | NI | 100.0 | 3.3 | 3.3 | NA |
| Silove19 (1998) | Australia | NI | NI | NI | HTQ | 96 | NI | NI | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Gorst-Unsworth20 (1998) | United Kingdom | USS | NI | NI | HTQ | 84 | 39 | 0.0 | 14.3 | NA | 14.3 |
| Loutan21 (1999) | Switzerland | USS | 1993 | 1994 | HTQ | 573 | 27 | 36.3 | 2.3 | NI | NI |
| Blair22 (2000) | USA | USS and households | 1991 | 1991 | WTS | 124 | 37 | 60.5 | 5.6 | NI | NI |
| Hondius23 (2000) | Netherlands | USS | NI | NI | NI | 156 | NI | 34 | 23.1 | 26.4 | 21.4 |
| Petersen24 (2000) | Thailand | RC | 1999 | 1999 | RQ | 129 | 36 | 37.2 | NI | 6.3 | NI |
| Iacopino25 (2001) | Macedonia and Albania | RC | 1999 | 1999 | RQ | 11,458 | NI | NI | 0.03 | NI | NI |
| Tang26 (2001) | Gambia | RC | 1999 | 1999 | HTQ | 80 | 41.3 | 48.8 | 1.3 | NI | NI |
| Crescenzi27 (2002) | India | Villages | 1995 | 1995 | HTQ | 150 | NI | 37.3 | NI | NI | NI |
| Sabin28 (2003) | Mexico | RC | 2000 | 2000 | HTQ | 170 | 37.9 | 58.2 | 3.5 | NI | NI |
| Cardozo29 (2004) | Thailand | RC | 2001 | 2001 | HTQ | 495 | NI | 57.4 | NI | 2.8 | 2.9 |
| Sesay30 (2004) | Sierra Leone | RC and villages | 2001 | 2011 | RQ | 400 | NI | 100.0 | 11.3 | 11.3 | NA |
| Thomas31 (2004) | United Kingdom | NI | NI | NI | NI | 100 | 16 | 41 | 32 | 63.4 | 10.2 |
| Asgary32 (2006) | USA | USS | 1998 | 2002 | Istanbul Protocol | 89 | 34 | 13.5 | NI | NI | NI |
| Avdibegovic33 (2006) | Bosnia and Herzegovina | USS and RC | 2000 | 2002 | Modified DVI | 50 | NI | 100.0 | 30.0 | 30.0 | NA |
| Bradley34 (2006) | United Kingdom | USS | NI | NI | NI | 97 | 30 | 14.4 | 8.2 | 28.6 | 2.4 |
| Schweitzer35 (2006) | Australia | Community | 2003 | 2003 | HTQ | 63 | 34.2 | 33.3 | 11.1 | 19 | 7.1 |
| Olsen36 (2006) | Denmark | USS | 1991 | 1994 | RQ | 221 | 35.6 | 12.7 | 11.3 | NI | NI |
| Bogner37 (2007) | England | USS | 2004 | 2005 | RQ | 27 | NI | 59.3 | 55.6 | 68.8 | 36.4 |
| Edston38 (2007) | Sweden | USS | 1993 | 2005 | NI | 63 | 28 | 100.0 | 76.2 | 76.2 | NA |
| Hammoury39 (2007) | Lebanon | USS | 2005 | 2005 | AAS | 349 | 28 | 100.0 | 26.4 | 26.4 | NA |
| Hooberman40 (2007) | USA | USS | 2000 | 2003 | HTQ | 325 | 33.5 | 38.8 | 28.9 | NI | NI |
| John-Langba41 (2007) | Botswana | RC | NI | NI | SGBV | 402 | 29.2 | 100.0 | 99.8 | 99.8 | NA |
| Kira42 (2007) | USA | NI | NI | NI | CTS | 501 | 35.7 | 45.3 | 1.2 | NI | NI |
| Piwowarczyk43 (2007) | USA | USS | 1999 | 2002 | NI | 134 | 34 | 65.7 | 50.0 | NI | NI |
| Chang44 (2008) | USA | USS | 2001 | 2001 | NI | 243 | 10.6 | 51.9 | 4.9 | NI | NI |
| Nagai45 (2008) | Uganda | RC and villages | 1999 | 2000 | RQ | 1,216 | NI | 78.0 | NI | 18.1 | 16.9 |
| Harrison46 (2009) | Uganda | RC and villages | 2006 | 2006 | BSS | 1,158 | NI | 52.4 | NI | 3.8 | NI |
| Mitike47 (2009) | Ethiopia | RC | 2004 | 2004 | RQ | 288 | NI | 100.0 | 42.4 | 42.4 | NA |
| Williams48 (2010) | United Kingdom | USS | 2005 | 2005 | NI | 178 | 30.4 | 35.4 | 25.8 | 54.0 | 10.4 |
| Schubert49 (2011) | Finland | USS | NI | NI | HTQ | 78 | 37.6 | 37.2 | NI | NI | NI |
| Tamblym50 (2011) | USA | USS | 2004 | 2007 | HTQ modified | 58 | 34.7 | 29.3 | 20.7 | NI | NI |
| Bogic51 (2012) | Germany, Italy and United Kingdom | Households and communities | 2005 | 2006 | LSC | 854 | 41.6 | 51.3 | 5.2 | NI | NI |
| Kira52 (2012) | USA | NI | 2006 | 2006 | CTS | 209 | NI | 0.0 | 90.9 | NI | NI |
| Parmar53 (2012) | Republic of Cameroon | Villages | 2010 | 2010 | NI | 191 | 35.1 | 100.0 | 40.8 | 40.8 | NA |
| Black54 (2013) | USA | USS and Community | 2004 | 2004 | CREV SECV | 196 | 13.8 | 45.9 | 4.6 | NI | NI |
| Falb55 (2013) | Thailand | RC | 2008 | 2008 | RHA | 861 | 30.1 | 100.0 | NI | NI | NA |
| Tufan56 (2013) | Turkey | USS | 2005 | 2007 | SLESQ | 67 | 30.6 | 41.8 | 20.9 | 46.4 | 2,6 |
| Gibson-Helm57 (2014) | Australia | USS | 2002 | 2011 | NI | 1,279 | NI | 100.0 | 5.7 | 5.7 | NA |
| Idemudia58 (2014) | Polokwane, South Africa | City | NI | NI | RQ | 125 | 28.3 | 42.3 | NI | NI | NI |
| Morof59 (2014) | Uganda | NI | 2010 | 2010 | HTQ RQ | 117 | 31.6 | 100.0 | 71.8 | 71.8 | NA |
| Bell60 (2015) | Ruanda | RC | 2008 | 2008 | RHA toolkit | 810 | 29 | 100.0 | 8.0 | 8.0 | NA |
| Connor61 (2015) | USA | Community | NI | NI | RQ | 30 | 31.8 | 100.0 | 93.3 | 93.3 | NA |
| Sipsma62 (2015) | Ruanda | RC | NI | NI | RHA toolkit | 548 | 32 | 100.0 | 38.1 | 38.1 | NA |
| Al-Modallal63 (2016) | Jordan | RC | NI | NI | AAS | 238 | 32.7 | 100.0 | 21.0 | 21.0 | NA |
| Chu64 (2016) | USA | Communities and households | 2014 | 2014 | RQ | 15 | NI | 100.0 | 60.0 | 60.0 | NA |
| Lerner65 (2016) | USA | USS | 2010 | 2013 | RQ | 267 | 34 | 33.0 | 33.3 | NI | NI |
| Um66 (2016) | South Korea | NI | 2010 | 2010 | CTS2 | 180 | 39.8 | 100.0 | 25.6 | 25.6 | NA |
| Wirtz67 (2016) | Ethiopia | RC | 2012 | 2012 | ASIST-GBV | 487 | NI | 100.0 | NI | NI | NA |
| Gušić68 (2017) | Sweden | Schools USS | NI | NI | WRGTI | 77 | NI | 35.0 | 12.0 | NI | NI |
| Hopkinson69 (2017) | USA | USS | 2008 | 2013 | HTQ RQ | 61 | 28.8 | 37.7 | 62.3 | NI | NI |
| Logie70 (2017) | Canada | Communities and social networks | 2013 | 2015 | RQ | 42 | NI | 100.0 | 52.0 | 52.0 | NA |
| Riley71 (2017) | Bangladesh | RC | NI | NI | HTQ | 148 | 34 | 52.8 | 13.0 | NI | NI |
| Stark72 (2017) | Ethiopia | RC | 2015 | 2015 | NI | 919 | 14.6 | 100.0 | 65.3 | 65.3 | NA |
| Wright73 (2017) | USA | Agencies of settlement | 2011 | 2012 | HTQ | 298 | NI | 45.0 | NI | 1.5 | NI |
SV: sexual violence; NA: not applicable; NI: not informed; RC: refugee camps; USA: Unites States of America; USS: health services units; RQ: research questionnaire; HTQ: Harvard Trauma Questionnaire; STAR: Resettlement Stressor Scale; WTS: War Trauma Scale; DVI: Domestic Violence Inventory; AAS: Abuse Assessment Screen; SBGV: Sexual and Gender-based Violence Scale; CTS: Revised Conflict Tactics Scales; CREV: Children’s Report of Exposure to Violence; SECV: Survey of Exposure to Community Violence; BSS: Behavioral Surveillance Surveys Questionnaire; SLESQ: Stressful Life Events Screening Questionnaire; LEC: Life Events Checklist; ASIST-GBV: Assessment Screen to Identify Survivors Toolkit for Gender Based Violence; LSC: Life Stressor Checklist; RHA: Reproductive Health Assessment; WRGTI: War/refugee and general trauma inventory
* The global prevalence of SV was calculated from the total number of cases reported by the studies or, when there was no such information, by the total sum of the specific cases reported (e.g. cases of rape, sexual harassment, etc.). However, in five studies32,49,55,58,67, the global prevalence could not be estimated since the authors did not report the total number of cases. It was not possible to calculate it from the sum of the typified prevalence because there were victims who suffered more than one type of SV, which would overestimate the calculation of the global prevalence.