Table 3. Prevalence according to the type of sexual violence in refugees. (n = 51).
| Type of sexual violence | First author and year of study | Continent/region/country of origin | Host country/region | Prevalence (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rape (n = 33) | Allodi14 (1990) | Latin America | Canada | 30.4 |
| Fornazzari15 (1990) | Latin America | Canada | 22.2 | |
| Peel17 (1996) | RDC | United Kingdom | 33.7 | |
| Frljak18 (1997) | Bosnia | Bosnia | 3.3 | |
| Silove19 (1998) | Sri Lanka | Australia | 0.0 | |
| Loutan21 (1999) | Africa, Asia and Europe | Switzerland | 2.3 | |
| Petersen24 (2000) | Myanmar | Thailand | 2.3 | |
| Tang26 (2001) | Senegal | Gambia | 1.3 | |
| Crescenzi27 (2002) | Tibet | India | 0.7 | |
| Cardozo29 (2004) | Myanmar | Thailand | 2.8 | |
| Sesay30 (2004) | Sierra Leone | Sierra Leone | 11.3 | |
| Thomas31 (2004) | Africa, Middle East, Western Europe and Asia | United Kingdom | 32.0 | |
| Asgary32 (2006) | Africa and Asia | USA | 6.7 | |
| Bradley34 (2006) | Turkey | United Kingdom | 1.0 | |
| Schweitzer35 (2006) | Sudan | Australia | 11.1 | |
| Avdibegovic33 (2006) | NI | Bosnia | 34.0 | |
| Bogner37 (2007) | Middle East, Europe, Africa and Latin America | England | 44.4 | |
| Edston38 (2007) | Africa, Asia and Middle East | Sweden | 76.2 | |
| Hammoury39 (2007) | Palestine | Lebanon | 26.4 | |
| Hooberman40 (2007) | Africa, Asia, Europe and Central and South America | USA | 18.2 | |
| Harrison46 (2009) | Africa | Uganda | 2.0 | |
| Williams48 (2010) | Africa and Middle East | United Kingdom | 16.3 | |
| Rape (n = 33) | Schubert49 (2011) | Middle East, Southeast Europe, South Asia and Central Africa | Finland | 21.8 |
| Kira52 (2012) | Iraq | USA | 90.9 | |
| Falb55 (2013) | Myanmar | Thailand | 0.3 | |
| Morof59 (2014) | Somalia and DRC | Uganda | 54.7 | |
| Idemudia58 (2014) | Zimbabwe | Polokwane, South Africa | 56.8 | |
| Bell60 (2015) | RDC | Ruanda | 8.0 | |
| Lerner65 (2016) | Africa, America and Western Europe | USA | 33.3 | |
| Wirtz67 (2016) | Somalia | Ethiopia | 20.1 | |
| Hopkinson69 (2017) | Africa, Asia, America and Eastern Europe | USA | 42.6 | |
| Logie70 (2017) | NI | Canada | 52.0 | |
| Stark72 (2017) | Sudan and South Sudan | Ethiopia | 16.1 | |
| Unwanted sexual contact (n = 7) | Asgary32 (2006) | Africa and Asia | USA | 6.7 |
| Avdibegovic33 (2006) | NI | Bosnia | 2.0 | |
| Schubert48 (2011) | Middle East, Southeast Europe, South Asia and Central Africa | Finland | 46.2 | |
| Falb55 (2013) | Southeastern Asia | Thailand | 0.7 | |
| Idemudia58 (2014) | Zimbabwe | Polokwane, South Africa | 63.2 | |
| Hopkinson69 (2017) | Africa, Asia, America and Eastern Europe | USA | 24.6 | |
| Stark72 (2017) | Sudan and South Sudan | Ethiopia | 22.0 | |
| Sexual coercion (n = 1) | Stark72 (2017) | Sudan and South Sudan | Ethiopia | 27.3 |
| Attempted rape (n = 2) | Idemudia58 (2014) | Zimbabwe | Polokwane, South Africa | 44.8 |
| Morof59 (2014) | Somalia and DRC | Uganda | 64.1 | |
| Forced pregnancy (n = 1) | Wirtz67 (2016) | East Africa | Ethiopia | 15.6 |
| Sexual torture (n = 6) | Hondius23 (2000) | Turkey and Iran | Netherlands | 23.1 |
| Asgary32 (2006) | Africa and Asia | USA | 9.0 | |
| Bradley34 (2006) | Turkey | United Kingdom | 2.1 | |
| Olsen36 (2006) | Middle East | Denmark | 11.3 | |
| Bogner37 (2007) | Middle East, Europe, Africa and Latin America | England | 11.1 | |
| Tamblyn50 (2011) | Africa | USA | 20.7 | |
| Sexual Assault (n = 5) | Gorst-Unsworth20 (1998) | Iraq | United Kingdom | 14.3 |
| Iacopino25 (2001) | Kosovo | Macedonia | 0.03 | |
| Bradley34 (2006) | Turkey | United Kingdom | 8.2 | |
| Hooberman40 (2007) | Africa, Asia, Central and South America and Europe | USA | 10.8 | |
| Williams48 (2010) | Africa and Middle East | United Kingdom | 12.9 | |
| Genital mutilation (n = 6) | Asgary32 (2006) | Africa and Asia | USA | 2.2 |
| Bradley34 (2006) | Turkey | United Kingdom | 1.0 | |
| Mitike47 (2009) | Somalia | Ethiopia | 42.4 | |
| Gibson-Helm57 (2014) | Africa and Middle East | Australia | 5.7 | |
| Connor61 (2015) | Somalia and Ethiopia | USA | 93.3 | |
| Chu64 (2016) | Africa | USA | 60.0 | |
| Sexual exploitation (n = 4) | Cardozo29 (2004) | Myanmar | Thailand | 1.0 |
| Nagai45 (2008) | Sudan | Uganda | 82.0 | |
| Idemudia58 (2014) | Zimbabwe | South Africa | 44.0 | |
| Wirtz67 (2016) | Somalia | Ethiopia | 27.3 | |
| Non-contact unwanted sexual experiences (n = 5) | Crescenzi27 (2002) | Tibet | India | 24.6 |
| Asgary32 (2006) | Africa and Asia | USA | 4.5 | |
| Avdibegovic33 (2006) | NI | Bosnia | 2.0 | |
| Falb55 (2013) | Myanmar | Thailand | 1.5 | |
| Hopkinson69 (2017) | Africa, Asia, America and Eastern Europe | USA | 29.8 | |
| Sexual Abuse (n = 8) | Allodi14 (1990) | Latin America | Canada | 21.4 |
| McKelvey16 (1995) | Vietnam | Philippines | 9.8 | |
| Blair22 (2000) | Cambodia | USA | 5.6 | |
| Kira42 (2007) | Iraq | USA | 1.2 | |
| Chang44 (2008) | Cambodia | USA | 4.9 | |
| Nagai45 (2008) | Sudan | Uganda | 85.0 | |
| Black54 (2013) | Iraq | USA | 4.6 | |
| Riley71 (2017) | Myanmar | Bangladesh | 13.0 | |
| Forced marriage (n = 2) | Asgary32 (2006) | Africa and Asia | USA | 2.2 |
| Wirtz67 (2016) | Somalia | Ethiopia | 19.5 | |
| Sexual Harassment (n = 4) | Asgary32 (2006) | Africa and Asia | USA | 12.4 |
| Bogic51 (2012) | Bosnia | Germany, Italy and United Kingdom | 5.2 | |
| Idemudia58 (2014) | Zimbabwe | Polokwane, South Africa | 52.8 | |
| Wright73 (2017) | Middle East | USA | 1.5 |
NI: not informed; USA: United States of America; DRC: Democratic Republic of the Congo