Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies
| Author | Country /ethnicity | CAVD diagnosis | Genotyping method | Study type | Case of RA (event/total) | Included cases | Control | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CUAVD | CBAVD | CUAVD | CBAVD | ||||||
| Yang et al. (2015)24 | Chinese | CSC; excluding CF | Whole exon/flanking sequence | Case control | 1/6 | 1/11 | 5 | 10 | 50 NC |
| Chiang et al. (2013)25 | Taiwanese | CSC; excluding CF and RA; | Whole exon/flanking sequence | Cross-sectional | 1/2 | 0/12 | 1 | 12 | NA |
| Schwarzer and Schwarz (2012)13 | German | CSC; excluding CF and RA | Common variants screening | Cross-sectional | 5/13 | 5/110 | 8 | 105 | NA |
| Sharma et al. (2009)26 | Indian | CSC; excluding CF and CFAS and RA | Whole exon/flanking sequence; 5T and TG test | Case control | 3/10 | 1/40 | 7 | 39 | 50 NC |
| Radpour et al. (2007)27 | Iranian | CSC; excluding CF and RA | Whole exon/flanking sequence; 5T and TG test | Case control | NA | 0/112 | 7 | 112 | 84 NC |
| Danziger et al. (2004)29 | U: Hispanic B: nine Asian or Asian-Indian, three Caucasian, and one Hispanic | CSC; excluding CF and RA | Common variants screening | Cross-sectional | 0/1 | 2/13 | 1 | 11 | 2 OA |
| Grangeia et al. (2004)28 | Portuguese | CSC; excluding CF and RA | Whole exon/flanking sequence; 5T test | Case control | 0/4 | 3/34 | 4 | 31 | 114 NC; 16 OAZ and 23 NOAZ |
| Kolettis and Sandlow (2002)31 | American | CSC; excluding CF and RA | Common variants screening | Cross-sectional | 4/11 | NA | 6 | NA | NA |
| Robert et al. (2002)30 | French | CSC; excluding CF and RA | Common variants screening; 5T test | Cross-sectional | 1/7 | 2/40 | 6 | 38 | NA |
| Attardo et al. (2001)33 | Italian | CSC; excluding CF and RA | Common variants screening; 5T test | Cross-sectional | 0/1 | 3/37 | 1 | 34 | NA |
| Larriba et al. (2001)32 | Spanish | CSC; excluding CF | Whole exon/flanking sequence 5T test | Cross-sectional | NA | NA | 4 | 16 | 30 Non-CAVD |
| Casals et al. (2000)14 | Spanish | CSC; excluding CF and RA | Whole exon/flanking sequence; 5T test | Case control | 10/24 | 6/110 | 14 | 104 | 200 NC |
| Jézéquel et al. (2000)35 | French | CSC; excluding CF and CFAS; RAU | Whole exon/flanking sequence; 5T test | Cross-sectional | NA | NA | 3 | 37 | 7 OA |
| Zeng et al. (2000)34 | Chinese | CSC | Common variants screening | Cross-sectional | NA | NA | 15 | NA | NA |
| Castellani et al. (1999)36 | Italian | CSC; excluding CF and RA | Common variants screening; 5T test | Cross-sectional | 0/3 | 2/39 | 3 | 37 | NA |
| Boucher et al. (1999)37 | French | CSC; excluding CF and RA | Common variants screening | Cross-sectional | 0/2 | 1/12 | 2 | 11 | 39 Non-CAVD; 37 oligozoospermia |
| Dörk et al. (1997)38 | German with a few Austrian, Portuguese, Turkish, and Vietnamese | CSC; excluding CF and RA | Whole exon/flanking sequence; 5T test | Cross-sectional | 0/5 | 9/101 | 5 | 92 | NA |
| Schlegel et al. (1996)16 | American | CSC; excluding CF and RA | Common variants screening | Cross-sectional | 5/19 | 6/53 | 12 | 52 | NA |
| Casals et al. (1995)40 | Spanish | CSC; excluding CF | Common variants screening | Cross-sectional | NA | NA | 6 | 28 | NA |
| Chillón et al. (1995)1 | European (Belgian, French, Spanish) and American | CSC; excluding CF and CFAS; RAU | Whole exon/flanking sequence; 5T test | Case control | NA | NA | 12 | 102 | 46 NC 10 non-CAVD |
| Jarvi et al. (1995)39 | Canadian | CSC; excluding CF | Common variants screening; 5T test | Cross-sectional | NA | NA | 2 | 25 | 17 OAZ; 18 SF |
| Mickle et al. (1995)7 | American | CSC; excluding CF and RA | Common variants screening | Cross-sectional | 5/21 | NA | 16 | NA | NA |
| Culard et al. (1994)41 | French including one Turkish | CSC; excluding CF; RAU | Whole exon/flanking sequence | Cross-sectional | NA | NA | 1 | 8 | NA |
CAVD congenital absence of the vas deferens, CBAVD congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens, CF cystic fibrosis, CFAS CF-related atypical symptoms that comprise mainly minor pulmonary and gastrointestinal, CSC CUAVD diagnosis conformed to the standardized criteria, CUAVD congenital unilateral absence of the vas deferens, NA not available, NC normal controls, NOAZ nonobstructive azoospermia, non-CAVD noncongenital absence of the vas deferens infertility, OAZ obstructive azoospermia, RA renal abnormalities that include mainly uni-/bilateral renal agenesis, RAU renal abnormality information was unavailable, SF spermatogenic failure