Allogeneic MLRs were performed using moDCs and CD4+ T cells from healthy individuals. SEB was added in the presence or absence of (a) IL-1β and (b) neutralizing IL-1β antibodies, IL-1 receptor antagonist or appropriate isotype control. After 72 h, supernatants were assayed for IFNγ using an ELISA. Percentage inhibition values are calculated by considering the percent of cytokine secretion upon LPS stimulation alone (for IL-1RA) or LPS in combination with mouse IgG1 isotype (for anti- IL-1β) as 100%. (c) Allogeneic MLRs were performed using moDCs and CD4+ T cells from an IL10RA-deficient patient or healthy individuals in the presence of SEB with or without IL-1β. (d, e) Allogeneic MLRs were performed using moDCs and CD4+ T cells from healthy individuals. SEB was added in the presence or absence of (d) LPS, IL-1β and IL-10 or (e) LPS with or without neutralizing IL-12 antibodies or appropriate isotype control. After 72 h, supernatants were assayed for (d) IL-12p70 and (e) IFNγ using an ELISA. (f) Adult healthy controls (n=4) and IL10RA-deficient patient moDCs were stimulated with LPS for 20 h and IL-12p70 was determined by ELISA. (g) CD4+ T cells from healthy controls (n=4) and an IL10RA-deficient patient (PT) were stimulated with anti-CD3/CD28 beads in the presence or absence of IL-1β. (h) Allogeneic MLRs were performed using moDCs and CD4+ T cells from an IL10RA-deficient patient or healthy individuals in the presence of SEB with or without IL-1β and IL-10. Results are mean ± SD (D-H) or mean ± SEM (B, C, G left) of a representative of at least two independent experiments. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 using unpaired Student’s t test.