Figure 16.
Direct-write and stereolithography-based bioprinting of vascularized tissues. (A) Scheme of the direct-write bioprinting procedure of independent cell-laden cylinders. (B) The cross-sectional view of the entire bioprinted construct. Cross-sectional and top views of the encapsulated cells stained with live/dead inside the construct. (C) Formation and lining of endothelial cells inside the central channel and vascular lumen network perfused with a fluorescent microbeads suspension at day 7 post culture. (D) Production of mineralized ECM in (left two) GelMA/VEGF and (right two) GelMA hydrogels evaluated by Alizarin Red S (ARS) staining. Reproduced with permission from ref.[124]. (E) Schematic of a DMD-based bioprinting platform. (F) Fluorescent images demonstrating the bioprinting of heterogeneous cell-laden tissue constructs of HUVECs (red) and HepG2 (green) with (top) uniform and (bottom) gradient vascular channel widths. Reproduced with permission from ref.[213].