Figure 1.

TPK3 fluorescent fusion proteins are localized outside of the chloroplast. A, TPK3-YFP and Chl a fluorescence are shown. Clearly, the TPK3-YFP signal remained outside the chloroplasts. Scale bar = 20 µm. B and C, TPK3-YFP localization analysis alongside bona fide chloroplast controls TIC40-mCherry (B; inner envelope) and CaS-mCherry (C; thylakoid membrane) confirm that TPK3 does not localize to the chloroplasts. For all localization studies, constructs were transiently expressed in N. benthamiana leaves.