TPK2 and TPK5, the closest TPK3 homologs, are also localized at the tonoplast. Constructs were transiently expressed in N. benthamiana leaves. Signals observed in TPK2-YFP-, TPK3-YFP-, and TPK5-YFP-expressing cells clearly originated from outside the plastid, likely from the tonoplast, whereas KEA3-YFP fluorescence was observed exclusively in leaf plastids. Scale bar = 50 μm.