Fig. 3.
Opposing effects of RAD50 on replication-dependent and break-induced R-loops. a DNA damage-signaling activation. Representative western blots against the indicated epitope are shown and quantified below each panel. b Native BrdU staining for R-loop-dependent ssDNA exposure. Representative images (left) and nuclear fluorescence quantification are shown (right). N = 4; ****P < 0.0001 by ANOVA; mean ± SD. c Ionizing radiation induced damage and R-loops. the left panel shows γH2AX staining to confirm the damage caused by irradiation. The graph (right) shows quantification of S9.6 staining intensity. N = 3; ****P < 0.0001 by ANOVA; mean ± SD. d DNA:RNA hybrid accumulation during HU induced fork stalling or breakage. Low dose HU (2 mm) induces stalling, whereas high dose HU (4 mM) induces breakage47. N = 3; **P < 0.01 and ****P < 0.0001 by ANOVA; mean ± SD