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. 2019 Sep 19;9:12986. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-49364-x

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Repeated LV liraglutide activates NTS DBH neurons. LV injection of liraglutide induces c-Fos expression in NTS DBH neurons before and after chronic treatment with repeated LV liraglutide for 2 weeks (wks). Representative images of double immunostaining for c-Fos and DBH in NTS after LV injection of saline (A,B,E,F) or liraglutide (C,D,G,H). (B,D,F,H) Magnified images of the areas specified by white squares in (A,C,E,G). Scale bars indicate 100 µm in (A,C,E,G), and 50 µm in (B,D,F,H). (I) Percentage of c-Fos-IR neurons in DBH neurons in NTS after LV injection of liraglutide (filled bar: n = 5–7) or saline (open bar: n = 5–6) before and at 2 wks of chronic treatment. (J) Percentage of DBH neurons in c-Fos-IR neurons in NTS after LV injection of liraglutide (filled bar: n = 5–7) or saline (open bar: n = 5–6). Each bar represents mean ± SE. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 between liraglutide and saline.