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. 2019 Sep 19;9:13597. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-49506-1

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Comparison of the mean non-patient, preoperative, and postoperative face. Colourmaps illustrate deviations from the average volunteer face. The mean preoperative face colourmap is consistent with indications for orthognathic surgery – our cohort of orthognathic patients shows upper jaw underdevelopment (red) and lower jaw overdevelopment (blue). The mean surgical correction appropriately ameliorated jaw underdevelopment or overdevelopment; however, the mean postoperative face retained some preoperative nose shape features.