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. 2019 Sep 19;9:13597. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-49506-1

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Regression for postoperative face shape simulation. (a) Overall error of the ground-truth postoperative face shape compared to the simulated shape using ridge regression (RR), linear regression (LR), least-angle regression (LARS), and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression (LASSO). (b) Mean and standard deviation for ridge regression: at 100 components, average Euclidean distance = 1.1 mm, s.d. = 0.3 mm. (c) The best simulated face, with an error of 0.7 mm between the simulated shape and the postoperative face shape (d). The worst simulated face, with an error of 2.4 mm as compared to the postoperative face shape.