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. 2019 Sep 19;9:13539. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-49328-1

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Example of EMG activity evoked in the tibialis anterior muscle by ISMS at threshold intensity (10 μA) in Monkey D. Red vertical line represents stimulation onset. Figure on the right shows the location of the electrode tip on a transverse cross-section of the spinal cord. (b) Distribution of the stimulation thresholds for producing leg movements in the gray (GM) and white (WM) matters (n_GM = 227 and n_WM = 106) of the spinal cord (n = 4 animals). (c) Spatial distribution of the stimulation thresholds. Colors in each bin represent the mean threshold across all animals. Mediolateral coordinates are shown with respect to midline. Dorsoventral coordinates are shown with respect to the dorsal surface of the spinal cord. (d) Comparison of the stimulation thresholds for single- and multi-joint movements evoked by ISMS. Distribution of the stimulation thresholds for single-joint (n = 174) and multi-joint (n = 69) movements evoked by ISMS in the spinal cord of 4 animals.