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. 2019 Sep 19;9:13539. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-49328-1

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Isometric torque measurement setup. (b) Example of a force trace for an ISMS-evoked knee extension movement, recorded using the load cell. (c) Isometric torque measurements for knee extension movements evoked at 15 select locations across 4 animals. Whiskers show the minimal and maximal values and box represents the interquartile range. Moment arm was 15.9 ± 1.1 cm (average ± standard deviation). Knee extension torques produced with ISMS in the gray matter of the spinal cord (in cyan) and with femoral nerve stimulation (n = 1 recording - red horizontal line) are shown. (d) Knee extension torque recruitment curves recorded for 7 locations in the gray matter of the spinal cord in animals B and C. The stimulation protocol consisted of 0.5 s-train of biphasic, charge-balanced pulses, 200 µs-long and delivered at 50 Hz frequency.