TABLE 1.
Summary of intestinal function and inflammatory alterations in Parkinson’s disease (PD) animal models of intranigral injection of 6-OHDA or LPS.
| Model (species) | Functional evidence | Inflammatory evidence | References |
| Bilateral intranigral injection of 6-OHDA (rat) | Delayed gastric empty; Impaired gastric motility; | Zheng et al., 2011 | |
| Delayed gastric empty; Impaired gastric motility; | Zheng et al., 2014 | ||
| Delayed gastric empty and intestinal transport; decreased fecal pellets and content | Feng et al., 2019 | ||
| Unilateral intranigral injection of 6-ohda (rat) | Delayed gastric empty; | Toti and Travagli, 2014 | |
| Delayed gastric empty; Constipation | Vegezzi et al., 2014 | ||
| Decreased weigh and water Content of fecal matter; | Zhu et al., 2012 | ||
| Impaired colonic transit; | Fornai et al., 2016 | ||
| Impaired colonic transit; | GFAP↑(colon); TNF-α↑(colon); IL-1β↑(colon); Eosinophils↑ (colon); Mast cells↑ (colon) | Pellegrini et al., 2017 | |
| Colonic relaxation defect; Decreased intraluminal pressure; Decreased frequency of peristalsis | Colucci et al., 2012 | ||
| TNF↑ (colon); IL-1β↑ (colon); Eosinophils↑ (colon); Mast cells↑ (colon) | Pellegrini et al., 2016 | ||
| Bilateral intranigral injection of LPS (rat) | Impaired gastric motility | Zheng et al., 2013 |