Table 1. Effect of 3-month outcome determinants in in-hospital and post-discharge recovery after acute ischemic stroke.
| Variables | No in-hospital recovery (n = 7,118) | In-hospital recovery (n = 3,970) | P value | No post-discharge recovery (n = 7,418) | Post-discharge recovery (n = 3,670) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yr | 67.75 ± 12.6 | 66.8 ± 13.1 | < 0.01 | 70.4 ± 12.0 | 65.3 ± 12.7 | < 0.001 | |
| Men | 4,119 (57.9) | 2,406 (60.6) | < 0.01 | 4,228 (57.0) | 2,297 (62.6) | < 0.001 | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.1 ± 13.1 | 23.9 ± 11.1 | 0.64 | 24.0 ± 14.0 | 24.0 ± 8.2 | 0.03 | |
| Onset-to-admission time, hr | 29.0 ± 37.0 | 21.8 ± 32.1 | < 0.001 | 26.9 ± 35.5 | 26.8 ± 35.3 | 0.46 | |
| Blood glucose at admission, mg/dL | 120.5 ± 53.4 | 115.8 ± 47.0 | < 0.001 | 118.7 ± 50.0 | 119.1 ± 53.8 | 0.12 | |
| SBP at admission, mmHg | 148.6 ± 26.8 | 147.7 ± 27.1 | 0.09 | 147.8 ± 27.1 | 149.2 ± 26.6 | 0.02 | |
| Previous stroke | 1,538 (21.6) | 764 (19.2) | < 0.01 | 1,676 (21.9) | 676 (18.4) | < 0.001 | |
| Hypertension | 4,961 (69.7) | 2,727 (68.7) | 0.27 | 5,197 (70.1) | 2,491 (67.9) | 0.02 | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 2,461 (34.6) | 1,227 (30.9) | < 0.001 | 2,454 (33.1) | 1,234 (33.6) | 0.57 | |
| Hyperlipidemia | 2,397 (33.7) | 1,258 (31.7) | 0.03 | 2,390 (32.2) | 1,265 (34.5) | 0.02 | |
| Smokera | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
| Current | 1,803 (25.3) | 1,121 (28.2) | 1,862 (25.1) | 1,062 (28.9) | |||
| Ex-smoker | 657 (9.5) | 426 (10.7) | 729 (9.8) | 373 (10.2) | |||
| Non-smoker | 4,639 (65.7) | 2,423 (61.0) | 4,827 (65.1) | 2,235 (60.9) | |||
| CHF | 121 (1.7) | 60 (1.5) | 0.45 | 141 (1.9) | 40 (1.1) | 0.002 | |
| Atrial fibrillation | 1,176 (16.5) | 877 (22.1) | < 0.001 | 1,481 (20.0) | 572 (15.6) | < 0.001 | |
| NIHSS score at admission. | 3 (1–6) | 4 (2–9) | < 0.001 | 3 (1–7) | 3 (1–6) | < 0.001 | |
| Pre-stroke mRS score | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
| 2–5 | 938 (13.2) | 428 (10.8) | 1,056 (14.2) | 310 (8.4) | |||
| 0–1 | 6,180 (86.8) | 3,542 (89.2) | 6,362 (85.8) | 3,360 (91.6) | |||
| TOAST classification | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
| LAA | 2,803 (39.4) | 1,404 (35.4) | 2,748 (37.0) | 1,459 (39.8) | |||
| SVO | 1,379 (19.4) | 754 (19.0) | 1,333 (18.0) | 800 (21.8) | |||
| Cardioembolism | 1,264 (17.8) | 956 (24.1) | 1,581 (21.3) | 639 (17.4) | |||
| Other | 1,672 (23.5) | 856 (21.6) | 1,756 (23.7) | 772 (21.0) | |||
| Recanalization therapy | 608 (8.5) | 838 (21.1) | < 0.001 | 975 (13.1) | 471 (12.8) | 0.65 | |
| Prior statin use | 1,138 (16.0) | 686 (17.3) | 0.08 | 1,201 (16.2) | 623 (17.0) | 0.29 | |
| Statin use at discharge | 5,710 (80.2) | 3,193 (80.4) | 0.79 | 5,869 (79.1) | 3,034 (82.7) | < 0.001 | |
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range) or number (%).
BMI = body mass index, SBP = systolic blood pressure, CHF = congestive heart failure, NIHSS = National Institute of Health Stroke Scale, mRS = modified Rankin scale, TOAST = Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment, LAA = large artery atherosclerosis, SVO = small vessel occlusion.
aSmoking status was divided by current, ex-smoker (quit within 5 years), and non-smoker (never smoker or quit > 5 years).