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. 2019 Sep 13;10:986. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00986

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Copyright © 2019 Hua, Jia, Yang, Zhang, Dong and Liu

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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In vitro antibacterial activity of gambogic acid and neogambogic acid. (A) Time-kill kinetics of GA and NGA against S. aureus ATCC33591. (B) Toxin production (ng/mL) in S. aureus ATCC33591 after treatment with GA (1μg/mL ), NGA (1μg/mL) or linezolid (8μg/mL) for one hour. The results are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3). (C) Scanning electron microscopy images showing the structure of S. aureus ATCC33591 treatment with GA for one hour. Magnifications, x 10,000. (D) and (E) The adherence and invasion of S. aureus ATCC33591 with/without GA and NGA treatment to keratinocytes cells CM-M168. Statistical analysis was done by One-way ANOVA test between groups. P values of (*P ≤ 0.05) are considered significant.