Table 1.
Genes involved in sperm competition.
| Organism | Gene | Experimental design* | Paternity contribution score influenced | Functional mechanismII | Tissue and/or cellular localization† | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Flies (Drosophila) | Abd-B | Gp, Pc | P1 | Egg laying and remating; sperm storage; gonadal development | Accessory gland | (Gligorov et al., 2013) |
| Acp29AB | Ga,Gp, Pc | P1, P2 | Sperm retention; sperm storage | Accessory gland | (Clark et al., 1995; Fiumera et al., 2005; Wong et al., 2008) | |
| Acp36DE | Ga, Gp, Pc | P1 | Sperm storage; mating plug formation; postmating female receptivity | Accessory gland | (Clark et al., 1995; Avila and Wolfner, 2009; Avila and Wolfner, 2017) | |
| Acp62F | Ga, Gp, Pc | P1, P2 | Unknown (affects processing of ovulin) | Accessory gland | (Fiumera et al., 2007; Mueller et al., 2008) | |
| btsz | Gp, Pc |
P1 | Sensory | Neuronal | (Chen et al., 2019) | |
| caup | Gp, Pc | P1 | Sensory | Neuronal | (Chen et al., 2019) | |
|
cdc14 |
Gp, Pc | P1, P2 | Unknown; microtubule organization | Testes | (Neitzel et al., 2018) | |
| CG6864 | Gp, Pc | P2 | Unknown (sperm storage, displacement); spermatogenesis | Testes | (Civetta and Finn, 2014) | |
| CG9997 | Gp, Pc | P2 | Egg laying, sperm release; postmating female receptivity | Accessory gland | (Ram and Wolfner, 2007b; Ram and Wolfner, 2009; Castillo and Moyle, 2014) | |
| CG14891 | Gp, Pc | P2 | Unknown (sperm viability, function) | Testes | (Civetta and Finn, 2014) | |
| CG17575 | Gp, Pc | P1 | Sperm retention; postmating female receptivity | Accessory gland | (Ram and Wolfner, 2007b; Avila and Wolfner, 2009) | |
| CG31872 | Gp, Pc | P1 | Unknown | Ubiquitous | (Chen et al., 2019) | |
| CG32834 | Gp, Pc | P1 | Unknown | Ubiquitous | (Chen et al., 2019) | |
| Ddr | Gp, Pc | P1 | Unknown | Ubiquitous | (Chen et al., 2019) | |
| Dnah3 | Gp, Pc | P2 | Sperm swimming (cilium movement) | Chordotonal neurons, sperm | (Karak et al., 2015) | |
| Dnai2 | Gp, Pc | P2 | Sperm swimming (cilium movement) | Chordotonal neurons, sperm | (Karak et al., 2015) | |
| Est-6 | Gp, Pc | na | Sperm release, sperm storage; postmating female receptivity; pheromone biosynthesis; courtship behavior; ovulation; oviposition | Ejaculatory duct | (Gilbert, 1981;Clark et al., 1995;Fiumera et al., 2007) | |
| hid | Gp, Pc | P1 | Sensory | Neuronal | (Chen et al., 2019) | |
| lectin-46Ca | Gp, Pc | P1 | Sperm release; postmating female receptivity | Accessory Gland | (Ram and Wolfner, 2007b; Avila and Wolfner, 2009) | |
| lectin-46Cb | Gp, Pc | P1 | Sperm release; postmating female receptivity | Accessory Gland | (Ram and Wolfner, 2007b; Avila and Wolfner, 2009) | |
| mir-973 | Gp, Pc | P2 | Sperm morphology, female remating | Testes | (Lu et al., 2018) | |
| mir-978 | Gp, Pc | P1, P2 | Sperm morphology | Testes | (Lu et al., 2018) | |
| mir-983 | Gp, Pc | P2 | Sperm morphology, female remating | Testes | (Lu et al., 2018) | |
| Msp300 | Gp, Pc | P1 | Sensory | Neuronal | (Chen et al., 2019) | |
| Nep2 | Gp, Pc | P1 | Sperm release | Brain, testes | (Sitnik et al., 2014) | |
| Ovulin, Acp26Aa | Ga, Gp, Pc | P1 | Postmating behavior; postmating oviposition | Accessory gland | (Clark et al., 1995; Rubinstein and Wolfner, 2013) | |
| para | Ga, Gp, Pc | P1 | Sensory; male courtship behavior | (Chow et al., 2013) | ||
|
Pkd2 |
Gp, Pc | P2 | Sperm storage, sperm release; sperm swimming (flagellated sperm motility); spermatogenesis | Sperm | (Watnick et al., 2003; Kottgen et al., 2011) | |
| Rab2 | Ga, Gp, Pc | P1 | Sensory; neural cell body | Neuronal | (Chow et al., 2013) | |
| Rim | Ga, Gp, Pc | P1 | Sensory; neurotransmitter secretion; synaptic vesicle | Neuronal | (Chow et al., 2013; Chen et al., 2019) | |
| Sdic | Gp, Pc, St | P2 | Sperm displacement; microtubule-based movement | Testes | (Yeh et al., 2012; Jayaswal et al., 2018) | |
|
SP, Acp70A |
Ga, Gp, Pc | P1, P2 | Postmating oviposition, postmating female receptivity; sperm release | Accessory gland | (Avila et al., 2010; Castillo and Moyle, 2014) | |
| SPR | Ga, Gp, Pc | P1, P2 | Postmating female receptivity (neuronal sensory); postmating oviposition | FRT | (Chow et al., 2010; Smith et al., 2017) | |
| Worms (Caenorhabditis) | comp-1 | Gp, Pc, Sp | P1, P2 | Sperm storage | Sperm pseudopod | (Hansen et al., 2015) |
| mss | Gp, Pc, Sp | P1, P2 | Unknown | Sperm membrane | (Yin et al., 2018) | |
| Mice (Peromyscus, Mus) | Acr | Gp, Sp | na | Sperm development, acrosomal vesicle; acrosome reaction; fertility (binding of sperm to zona pellucida) | Sperm | (Adham et al., 1997; Nayernia et al., 2003) |
| Catsper1 | Gp, Sp | na | Spermatogenesis; sperm capacitation; fertility (fusion of sperm to egg plasma); sperm swimming (flagellated sperm motility, cilium beat frequency) | Sperm | (Ren et al., 2001; Zeng et al., 2013; Vicens et al., 2014) | |
| CEACAM10 | Gp, Msm | na | Sperm swimming (flagellated sperm motility) | Seminal vesicle | (Li et al., 2005; Ramm et al., 2015) | |
| CRISP1 | Gp, Sp | na | Sperm development and Fertility; cytoplasmic vesicle | Sperm head | (Da Ros et al., 2008) | |
| Pate4, Svs7 | Gp, Msm | na | Sperm retention/release; acrosomal vesicle | Seminal vesicle | (Ramm et al., 2015; Noda et al., 2018) | |
| Pkdrej | Gp, Pc, Sp | na | Sperm development and fertility (acrosome reaction) | Anterior sperm head | (Sutton et al., 2008) | |
| Prkar1a | Sp | na | Sperm swimming (axoneme), morphology | Sperm midpiece | (Fisher et al., 2016) | |
| Svs2 | Gp, Msm | na | Sperm viability; sperm development, fertility; acrosomal vesicle; sperm capacitation | Seminal vesicle | (Kawano et al., 2014; Araki et al., 2015; Ramm et al., 2015) | |
| Ants (Atta) | Easter | Pp, Sp | na | Sperm viability | Sperm | (Dosselli et al., 2019) |
| Snake | Pp, Sp | na | Sperm viability | Sperm | (Dosselli et al., 2019) |
*Ga, gene association study; Gp, gene perturbation study; Pc, paternity contribution test; Sp, sperm-tracking test; Msm, mating system manipulation; Pp, protein perturbation.
IIAs it relates to sperm competition based on primary literature and AmiGO2 (http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/search/bioentity).
†As in FlyBase (http://flybase.org/) in the case of D. melanogaster. FRT, female reproductive tract.