a, Schematic representation of AuNP/CRISPR nanoformulation. b, TEM images of AuNP and AuNP/CRISPR nanoformulations. Inset shows successful attachment of all cargo components on the surface. Experiment was repeated twice with similar results. c, dynamic light scattering characterization of AuNPs after each layering step. Sharp single peaks and shifts in size after adding each layer demonstrate precise attachment to the surface. Data have been normalized. Experiment was repeated twice with similar results. d, Average size (Z-Average, bar graph with dots plotted on the primary axis) and polydispersity index (PDI, diamonds plotted on the secondary axis) of AuNPs after each layering step. PDI values <0.2 show high monodipersity without aggregation. Data are means ± SEM (n=3 technical replicates). e, Red shifts in localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of AuNPs after adding each component confirm cargo loading. Data have been normalized. Experiment was repeated twice with similar results. f, Zeta potential measurements after adding each layer changed from −26 mV for AuNPs to +27 mV for the final AuNP/CRISPR nanoformulation. Data are means ± SEM (n=3 technical replicates).