Table 1.
Characteristics of very low birth weight infants and infants >1500g reported with and without CMV infection in neonatal intensive care units, California, 2005–2016
| Characteristics | Very low birth weight infants (401g–1500g) | Infants >1500g | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reported with CMV infection (N = 174) |
Reported without CMV infection a (N = 64,101) |
OR (95% CI) | Reported with CMV infection (N = 145) |
Reported without CMV infection a (N = 116,416) |
OR (95% CI) | |
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |||
| IUGR | 50 (29) | 10,020 (16) | 2.1 (1.5–3.0)* | 25 (17) | 4,908 (4) | 4.8 (3.1–7.3)* |
| Anomaly diagnosed prior to birth | 6 (3) | 2,091 (3) | 1.0 (0.5–2.4) | 37 (26) | 15,771 (14) | 2.2 (1.5–3.2)* |
| Birth at <32 weeks gestational age | 148 (85) | 55,795 (87) | 0.8 (0.6–1.3) | 12 (8) | 11,317 (10) | 0.8 (0.4–1.5) |
| Delivered by C-section | 136 (78) | 45,284 (71) | 1.5 ( 1.0–2.2) | 69 (48) | 64,111 (55) | 0.7 ( 0.6–1.0) |
| Breastmilk intake b | 92 (53) | 35,240 (59) | 0.8 (0.6–1.1) | 77 (53) | 81,994 (71) | 0.5 (0.3–0.6)* |
| Head circumference ≤10th percentile | 41 (24) | 7,001 (11) | 2.1 (1.5–3.0)* | 36 (25) | 7,270 (6) | 4.5 (3.0–6.7)* |
| Seizure | 6 (3) | 2,040 (3) | 1.0 (0.4–2.3) | 10 (7) | 6,268 (5) | 1.3 (0.7–2.5) |
| Neuroimaging evaluation | 172 (99) | 56,214 (88) | 5.9 (1.5–23.9)* | 132 (91) | 51,445 (44) | 12.6 (7.1–22.3)* |
| Cystic periventricular leukomalacia | 5 (3) | 1,446 (2) | 1.1 (0.5–2.8) | 11 (8) | 715 (1) | 6.5 (3.5–12.0)* |
| Periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage, Grades 1–4 | 52 (30) | 13,817 (22) | 1.3 (1.0–1.8) | 26 (18) | 4,362 (4) | 2.7 (1.8–4.2)* |
| Death c | 15 (9) | 6,171 (10) | 0.9 (0.5–1.5) | 12 (8) | 4,929 (4) | 2.0 (1.1–3.7)* |
Abbreviations: OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; IUGR = intrauterine growth restriction.
Note: Periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage graded as follows: 0 for no subependymal or intraventricular hemorrhage, which constituted the reference group; 1 for subependymal germinal matrix hemorrhage only; 2 for intraventricular blood, without ventricular dilation; 3 for intraventricular blood with ventricular dilation; and 4 for intraparenchymal hemorrhage.
Excludes infants with other congenital or perinatal infections.
Infant ever noted to have been fed breastmilk during NICU hospital course.
Neonatal death between age 1–28 days in CPQCC NICUs; deaths in the delivery room or within 12 hours of admission were excluded from the denominator and numerator.
Significant difference at the P<0.05 level using the Chi-square test.