Table 1.
Characteristics and results of studies evaluating the diagnostic test accuracy of dual HIV/syphilis RDTs that were included in the meta-analysis according to order of date published
| HIV | Syphilis | ||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Author and year | Location | Population | Study setting (lab or field) | Index test | Sample | Reference test | TP | FP | FN | TN | Sens (%) | Spec (%) | Prev (%) | Reference test | TP | FP | FN | TN | Sens (%) | Spec (%) | Prev (%) |
| Ondondo30 2013 | Kenya | HIV serodiscordant couples | Lab | SD BIOLINE HIV/Syphilis Duo Test | Serum | 2 RDTs, confirmed by 2 EIAs | 345 | 0 | 1 | 352 | 99.7 | 100.0 | 49.6 | RPR, confirmed by TPHA | 85 | 0 | 0 | 559 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 12.2 |
| Chiappe31 2013 | Peru | Archived specimens | Lab | SD BIOLINE HIV/Syphilis Duo Test | Serum | EIA and WB | 91 | 0 | 0 | 571 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 13.7 | RPR, confirmed by TPPA | 198 | 2 | 0 | 465 | 100.0 | 99.6 | 29.8 |
| Hess32 2014 | California, USA | STD clinic attendees, IDUs, MSM | Field | Chembio DPP HIV/Syphilis Assay (reverse order) |
Whole blood | EIA | 44 | 2 | 2 | 606 | 95.7 | 99.7 | 6.7 | TPPA | 37 | 3 | 41 | 576 | 47.4 | 99.5 | 10.6 |
| Humphries33 2014 | California, USA | Archived specimens | Lab | SD BIOLINE HIV/Syphilis Duo Test | Serum | EIA and WB | 94 | 0 | 2 | 53 | 97.9 | 100.0 | 64.0 | TPPA | 80 | 0 | 6 | 64 | 93.0 | 100.0 | 57.3 |
| Humphries33 2014 | California, USA | Archived specimens | Lab | Chembio DPP HIV/Syphilis Assay | Serum | EIA and WB | 94 | 1 | 2 | 52 | 97.9 | 98.1 | 64.0 | TPPA | 82 | 0 | 4 | 64 | 95.3 | 100.0 | 57.3 |
| Humphries33 2014 | California, USA | Archived specimens | Lab | MedMira Multiplo Rapid TP/HIV Antibody Test |
Serum | ElA and WB | 94 | 3 | 2 | 49 | 97.9 | 94.2 | 64.0 | TPPA | 81 | 2 | 5 | 62 | 94.1 | 96.9 | 57.3 |
| Omoding34 2014 | Uganda | Pregnant women | Lab | SD BIOLINE HIV/Syphilis Duo Test | Serum | 3 RDTs | 16 | 1 | 0 | 203 | 100.0 | 99.5 | 7.3 | TPHA | 19 | 0 | 0 | 201 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 8.6 |
| Bristow35 2014 | Ghana, Mexico, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Togo, Kenya and Myanmar | Archived specimens from STI clinic attendees | Lab | SD BIOLINE HIV/Syphilis Duo Test | Serum | EIA, WB and RDTs | 1123 | 4 | 1 | 1208 | 99.9 | 99.7 | 48.1 | TPPA/TPHA/EIA | 609 | 4 | 2 | 1444 | 99.7 | 99.7 | 29.7 |
| Dagnra36 2014 | Togo | Key populations | Lab | SD BIOLINE HIV/Syphilis Duo Test | Serum | EIA | 107 | 0 | 0 | 203 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 34.5 | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / |
| Bristow37 2015 | Peru | MSM and transgender women | Lab | MedMira Multiplo Rapid TP/HIV Antibody Test | Serum | EIA and WB | 74 | 10 | 0 | 114 | 100.0 | 91.9 | 37.4 | TPPA | 104 | 6 | 6 | 77 | 94.6 | 92.8 | 57.0 |
| Yin38 2015 | Nanjing, China, Zaria, Nigeria and Ibadan, Nigeria | Archived samples | Lab | SD BIOLINE HIV/Syphilis Duo Test | Serum | EIA | 721 | 8 | 7 | 778 | 99.0 | 99.0 | 48.1 | TPPA or TPHA | 710 | 7 | 25 | 772 | 96.6 | 99.1 | 48.5 |
| Yin38 2015 | Nanjing, China, Zaria, Nigeria and Ibadan, Nigeria | Archived samples | Lab | MedMira Multiplo Rapid TP/HIV Antibody Test | Serum | EIA | 724 | 13 | 4 | 773 | 99.5 | 98.3 | 48.1 | TPPA or TPHA | 692 | 22 | 43 | 757 | 94.2 | 97.2 | 48.5 |
| Yin38 2015 | Nanjing, China, Zaria, Nigeria and Ibadan, Nigeria | Archived samples | Lab | Chembio DPP HIV/Syphilis Assay | Serum | EIA | 725 | 17 | 3 | 769 | 99.6 | 97.9 | 48.1 | TPPA or TPHA | 713 | 3 | 22 | 776 | 97.0 | 99.6 | 48.5 |
| Shimelis39 2015 | Ethiopia | STI clinic attendees | Lab | SD BIOLINE HIV/Syphilis Duo Test | Serum | RDTs and EIA | 200 | 1 | 0 | 199 | 100 | 99.5 | 50.0 | TPHA | 83 | 4 | 2 | 96 | 97.6 | 96.0 | 45.9 |
| Leon40 2016 | Peru | MSM and transgender women | Lab | Chembio DPP HIV/Syphilis Assay | Serum | EIA and WB | 151 | 4 | 0 | 295 | 100.0 | 98.7 | 33.6 | TPPA | 142 | 0 | 8 | 300 | 94.7 | 100.0 | 33.3 |
| Bristow41 2016 | Peru | MSM and transgender women | Field | SD BIOLINE HIV/Syphilis Duo Test | Whole blood | EIA and WB | 104 | 2 | 1 | 308 | 99.1 | 99.4 | 25.3 | TPPA | 149 | 3 | 18 | 243 | 89.2 | 98.8 | 40.4 |
| Bristow42 2016 | Haiti | STI clinic attendees | Field | SD BIOLINE HIV/Syphilis Duo Test | Whole blood | RDTs | 128 | 5 | 1 | 164 | 99.2 | 97.0 | 43.3 | TPHA and ELISA | 109 | 17 | 4 | 168 | 96.5 | 90.8 | 37.9 |
| Bristow43 2016 | Peru | Sex workers, MSM and transgender women | Field | MedMira Multiplo Rapid TP/HIV Antibody Test | Whole blood | EIA and WB | 15 | 0 | 1 | 159 | 93.8 | 100.0 | 7.8 | TPPA | 17 | 0 | 4 | 153 | 81.0 | 100.0 | 10.2 |
| Shakya44 2016 | Nepal | Pregnant women | Lab | SD BIOLINE HIV/Syphilis Duo Test | Serum | 3 RDTs | 19 | 0 | 0 | 9981 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.2 | RPR, confirmed by TPHA | 42 | 13 | 2 | 9943 | 95.5 | 99.9 | 0.4 |
| Black45 2016 | South Africa | Female sex workers | Field | SD BIOLINE HIV/Syphilis Duo Test | Whole blood | EIA | 185 | 0 | 2 | 62 | 98.8 | 100.0 | 75.1 | TPPA and RPR (titre ≥1:8) | 34 | 4 | 17 | 194 | 66.7 | 98.0 | 20.5 |
| Bowen46 2016 | Malawi | Pregnant women | Field | Chembio DPP HIV/Syphilis Assay | Whole blood | RDT | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | TPPA | 55 | 6 | 25 | 1702 | 68.8 | 99.6 | 4.5 |
| Kalou47 2016 | Georgia, USA | Archived specimens | Lab | Chembio DPP HIV/Syphilis Assay | Serum | EIA and WB | 426 | 9 | 1 | 554 | 98.8 | 100.0 | 43.1 | TPPA & EIA (Trep Sure) | 639 | 2 | 8 | 341 | 98.8 | 99.4 | 65.4 |
EIA, enzyme immunoassay; FP, false positive; FN = false negative; IDU, injection drug user; MSM, men who have sex with men; Prev, prevalence; RDT, rapid diagnostic test; RPR, rapid plasma regain; Sens, sensitivity; Spec, specificity; TN, true negative; TP, true positive; TPHA, Treponema pallidum haemagglutination assay; TPPA, T. pallidum particle agglutination assay; WB, Western blot.