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. 2019 Sep 20;9:13638. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-50093-4

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Altered rich club organisation and inter-modular integration in pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD). (A) The figure shows significant changes in the rich club organisation as demonstrated by the normalised weighted rich club coefficient as a function of k-level (degree), for the PBD (red curve) and healthy control (HC, grey curve) groups. (B) Rich-club members in HC (bottom) and PBD (top). Rich club nodes are represented by large filled circles with colours denoting the module to which they belong. Rich club member regions common to both groups included the left hippocampus, right posterior cingulate cortex and precuneus, and left and right caudate, putamen, pallidum and thalamus. Membership between groups differed only in two right hemisphere nodes, suggesting that the insular cortices and the hippocampus have a rich club profile exclusive to the PBD group. (C) Equally, the ‘rich-connector-hub’ network signature, i.e. the backbone of inter-modular connectivity driven by connector-hubs, differs between the HC (top) and PBD (bottom). Edges coloured in black represent the existing structural connectivity between connector hubs.