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. 2019 Sep 20;9:13659. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-49876-6

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Thyroid hormones and their derivatives induce DA neurons in rat and human NPCs endogenously expressing NURR1. (A) Rat VM NPCs treated with derivatives #3 or #9 or T4 differentiated into DA neurons after 10 days. The cells were immunostained with an anti-TH antibody. TH expression increased following treatment. (B) RT-PCR analysis of DA neuron-related genes (TH and Dat) in derivative #3-, derivative #9-, and T4-treated cells. (C) Human ESC-derived DA NPCs were treated with derivative #3, derivative #9, or T4 during the differentiation period. On differentiation day 14, immunocytochemistry was performed using an anti-TH antibody. (D) The mRNA levels of DA neuron–related genes (TH, Nurr1, En1, and Lmx1b) increased following treatment with derivative #3 and T4. GAPDH expression was used as a loading control. **p < 0.01, Scale bar, 20 μm. The error bars are the S.E. from two independent experiments.