Table 6.
Prescription Rates of the Most Frequently Prescribed Co-Medications
| 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | b | r 2 | F | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Tranquilizers | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Diazepam | 7.7 | 9.2 | 6.9 | 7.4 | 9.9 | 10 | 8 | 10.9 | 12.5 | 8.3 | 9.6 | 8 | 8.5 | 8.1 | 10.1 | 10.1 | 0.09 | 0.01 | F(1, 14) = 1.15 | .309 |
| Lorazepam | 19.6 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 21.2 | 19.3 | 19.2 | 18.8 | 20.8 | 23.6 | 20.9 | 22.3 | 21.2 | 20.8 | 21.2 | 23.4 | 24.5 | 0.22 | 0.37 | F(1, 14) = 9.74 | .007 |
| Oxazepam | 1 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.1 | 2.4 | 1.7 | 1.4 | 2.1 | 2 | 1.5 | 1.7 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 1.1 | –0.01 | –0.07 | F(1, 14) = 0.05 | .774 |
| Hypnotics | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Zolpidem | 2.1 | 1.2 | 2.5 | 1.6 | 2.1 | 2 | 1.9 | 2.1 | 2.3 | 1.7 | 1.3 | 1.7 | 1 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.8 | –0.05 | 0.18 | F(1, 14) = 4.25 | .071 |
| Zopiclone | 4.6 | 5.8 | 5.2 | 5.1 | 4.4 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.1 | 5.2 | 4 | 3.8 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.2 | 2.7 | 2.8 | –0.20 | 0.73 | F(1, 14) = 41.88 | <.001 |
| Low-pot. FGAs | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Chlorprothixene | 9.5 | 7.6 | 6.1 | 7.2 | 6.9 | 6.3 | 5.1 | 5.7 | 4.4 | 3.8 | 2.9 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.4 | 3.1 | 2.4 | –0.44 | 0.89 | F(1, 14) = 120.07 | <.001 |
| Levomepromazine | 6 | 4.1 | 3.7 | 4.3 | 5 | 6.4 | 4.6 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.1 | 4.6 | 2.7 | 2.6 | 2 | 2.3 | 1.9 | –0.22 | 0.57 | F(1, 14) = 21.23 | <.001 |
| Melperone | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.1 | 2 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 2.5 | 2.1 | 1.7 | 2.2 | 2.5 | 1.2 | 1.7 | 1.7 | –0.04 | 0.15 | F(1, 14) = 3.58 | .067 |
| Pipamperone | 2.9 | 2.3 | 3.3 | 3.5 | 2.8 | 3.6 | 2.6 | 4.9 | 2.7 | 4.4 | 3.7 | 4 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 3.7 | 5.9 | 0.15 | 0.48 | F(1, 14) = 14.94 | .002 |
| Promethazine | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3 | 3 | 1.9 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 3.5 | 3.9 | 4.1 | 3.7 | 4.3 | 4.4 | 3.7 | 3.2 | 1.2 | 0.02 | –0.06 | F(1, 14) = 0.11 | .762 |
| Prothipendyl | 0.7 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 2.9 | 2.2 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.2 | 2.9 | 2.2 | 3 | 2.6 | 4.8 | 0.18 | 0.60 | F(1, 14) = 23.05 | <.001 |
| Antidepressants | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Other AD | 1.7 | 1.9 | 2.1 | 2.4 | 4.8 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 6.4 | 3.3 | 2.9 | 3.8 | 3.5 | 3.7 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 4.2 | 0.09 | 0.08 | F(1, 14) = 2.30 | .149 |
| SSRI | 7.6 | 7.4 | 11.7 | 11.3 | 11.3 | 10.6 | 11.9 | 3.9 | 9.8 | 9.9 | 9.7 | 7.8 | 7.2 | 7.1 | 7.1 | 8.4 | –0.16 | 0.05 | F(1, 14) = 1.87 | .187 |
| SNRI | 0.5 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 2 | 2.1 | 1.7 | 2.4 | 2.9 | 3.3 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 2.3 | 3 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 2.6 | 0.12 | 0.57 | F(1, 14) = 20.63 | <.001 |
| TCA | 4.4 | 3.4 | 2.8 | 3.2 | 2.4 | 2.0 | 2.3 | 5.9 | 1.6 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.6 | 1.0 | 1.3 | –0.18 | 0.43 | F(1, 14) = 10.46 | .006 |
| Anticonvulsants | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Carbamazepine | 6.6 | 5.6 | 4.7 | 3 | 2.2 | 2.9 | 1.6 | 2.4 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 1 | 0.5 | –0.35 | 0.78 | F(1, 14) = 54.41 | <.001 |
| Pregabalin | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 1.6 | 1.9 | 1.4 | 2 | 1.9 | 2.6 | 0.18 | 0.83 | F(1, 14) = 76.36 | <.001 |
| Valproate | 4.4 | 6.1 | 7.9 | 8.5 | 6.3 | 9.3 | 11.6 | 10.3 | 8.2 | 10.2 | 8.7 | 8.8 | 8.5 | 7.6 | 6.5 | 6.9 | 0.07 | –0.04 | F(1, 14) = 0.49 | .499 |
Abbreviations: AD, antidepressant; b, unstandardized slope; FGA, first-generation antipsychotic; Low-pot. FGAs, low-potency first-generation antipsychotics; SNRI, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor; SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor; TCA, tricyclic antidepressant.
Table 6 includes all psychopharmacological co-medications with a usage >2% within 1 year of the investigated time period. Percentages relate to the total population of n = 30 908 patients. Results from the linear regression analysis are shown. Other AD include the drugs agomelatine, bupropion, mirtazapine, tianeptine, trazodone, and vortioxetine.